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Cepheid parallaxes and the Hubble constant
Revised Hipparcos parallaxes for classical Cepheids are analysedtogether with 10 Hubble Space Telescope (HST)-based parallaxes. In areddening-free V, I relation we find that the coefficient of logP is thesame within the uncertainties in our Galaxy as in the Large MagellanicCloud (LMC), contrary to some previous suggestions. Cepheids in theinner region of NGC4258 with near solar metallicities confirm thisresult. We obtain a zero-point for the reddening-free relation and applyit to the Cepheids in galaxies used by Sandage et al. to calibrate theabsolute magnitudes of Type Ia supernova (SNIa) and to derive the Hubbleconstant. We revise their result for H0 from 62 to 70 +/-5kms-1Mpc-1. The Freedman et al. value is revisedfrom 72 to 76 +/- 8kms-1Mpc-1. These results areinsensitive to Cepheid metallicity corrections. The Cepheids in theinner region of NGC4258 yield a modulus of 29.22 +/- 0.03 (int.)compared with a maser-based modulus of 29.29 +/- 0.15. Distance modulifor the LMC, uncorrected for any metallicity effects, are 18.52 +/- 0.03from a reddening-free relation in V, I; 18.47 +/- 0.03 from aperiod-luminosity relation at K; 18.45 +/- 0.04 from aperiod-luminosity-colour relation in J, K. Adopting a metallicitycorrection in V, I from Macri et al. leads to a true LMC modulus of18.39 +/- 0.05.
| Conventional and new directions in studying Cepheids
In the first part of this paper, traditional methods of studyingCepheids are summarized, mentioning Detre's contribution to this field.Then the new directions of Cepheid related research are reviewed with anemphasis on the problems concerning the period-luminosity relationship.
| The Distribution of the Elements in the Galactic Disk
This paper reports on the spectroscopic investigation of 54 Cepheids,deriving parameters and abundances. These Cepheids extend previoussamples by about 35% in number and increase the amount of the Galacticdisk coverage, especially in the direction of l~120deg. Wefind that there exists in the Galactic disk at that longitude and at asolar distance of about 3-4 kpc a region that has enhanced abundances,~+0.2, with respect to the local region. A simple linearfit to all Cepheid data now extant yields a gradientd[Fe/H]/dRG=-0.068+/-0.003 dex kpc-1. Afterconsideration of the spatial abundance inhomogeneities in the sample, weconclude that the best current estimate of the overall gradient isd[Fe/H]/dRG=-0.06 dex kpc-1.
| New Period-Luminosity and Period-Color relations of classical Cepheids: I. Cepheids in the Galaxy
321 Galactic fundamental-mode Cepheids with good B, V, and (in mostcases) I photometry by Berdnikov et al. (\cite{Berdnikov:etal:00}) andwith homogenized color excesses E(B-V) based on Fernie et al.(\cite{Fernie:etal:95}) are used to determine their period-color (P-C)relation in the range 0.4~ 1.4). The latter effect is enhanced by asuggestive break of the P-L relation of LMC and SMC at log P = 1.0towards still shallower values as shown in a forthcoming paper.Table 1 is only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymousftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/404/423
| Stars with the Largest Hipparcos Photometric Amplitudes
A list of the 2027 stars that have the largest photometric amplitudes inHipparcos Photometry shows that most variable stars are all Miras. Thepercentage of variable types change as a function of amplitude. Thiscompilation should also be of value to photometrists looking forrelatively unstudied, but large amplitude stars.
| Galactic Cepheids. Catalogue of light-curve parameters and distances
We report a new version of the catalogue of distances and light-curveparameters for Galactic classical Cepheids. The catalogue listsamplitudes, magnitudes at maximum light, and intensity means for 455stars in BVRI filters of the Johnson system and (RI)_C filters of theCron-Cousins system. The distances are based on our new multicolour setof PL relations and on our Cepheid-based solution for interstellarextinction law parameters and are referred to an LMC distance modulus of18.25. The catalogue is only available in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Multi-colour PL-relations of Cepheids in the bt HIPPARCOS catalogue and the distance to the LMC
We analyse a sample of 236 Cepheids from the hipparcos catalog, usingthe method of ``reduced parallaxes'' in V, I, K and the reddening-free``Wesenheit-index''. We compare our sample to those considered by Feast& Catchpole (1997) and Lanoix et al. (1999), and argue that oursample is the most carefully selected one with respect to completeness,the flagging of overtone pulsators, and the removal of Cepheids that mayinfluence the analyses for various reasons (double-mode Cepheids,unreliable hipparcos solutions, possible contaminated photometry due tobinary companions). From numerical simulations, and confirmed by theobserved parallax distribution, we derive a (vertical) scale height ofCepheids of 70 pc, as expected for a population of 3-10 Msunstars. This has consequences for Malmquist- and Lutz-Kelker (Lutz &Kelker 1973, Oudmaijer et al. 1998) type corrections which are smallerfor a disk population than for a spherical population. The V and I datasuggest that the slope of the Galactic PL-relations may be shallowerthan that observed for LMC Cepheids, either for the whole period range,or that there is a break at short periods (near log P_0 ~ 0.7-0.8). Westress the importance of two systematic effects which influence thedistance to the LMC: the slopes of the Galactic PL-relations andmetallicity corrections. In order to assess the influence of thesevarious effects, we present 27 distance moduli (DM) to the LMC. Theseare based on three different colours (V,I,K), three different slopes(the slope observed for Cepheids in the LMC, a shallower slope predictedfrom one set of theoretical models, and a steeper slope as derived forGalactic Cepheids from the surface-brightness technique), and threedifferent metallicity corrections (no correction as predicted by one setof theoretical models, one implying larger DM as predicted by anotherset of theoretical models, and one implying shorter DM based onempirical evidence). We derive DM between 18.45 +/- 0.18 and 18.86 +/-0.12. The DM based on K are shorter than those based on V and I andrange from 18.45 +/- 0.18 to 18.62 +/- 0.19, but the DM in K could besystematically too low by about 0.1 magnitude because of a bias due tothe fact that NIR photometry is available only for a limited number ofstars. From the Wesenheit-index we derive a DM of 18.60 +/- 0.11,assuming the observed slope of LMC Cepheids and no metallicitycorrection, for want of more information. The DM to the LMC based on theparallax data can be summarised as follows. Based on the PL-relation inV and I, and the Wesenheit-index, the DM is 18.60 ± 0.11(± 0.08 slope)(^{+0.08}_{-0.15} ;metallicity), which is ourcurrent best estimate. Based on the PL-relation in K the DM is ;;;;18.52 +/- 0.18 (± 0.03 ;slope) (± 0.06 ;metallicity)(^{+0.10}_{-0} ;sampling ;bias). The random error is mostly due to thegiven accuracy of the hipparcos parallaxes and the number of Cepheids inthe respective samples. The terms between parentheses indicate thepossible systematic uncertainties due to the slope of the GalacticPL-relations, the metallicity corrections, and in the K-band, due to thelimited number of stars. Recent work by Sandage et al. (1999) indicatesthat the effect of metallicity towards shorter distances may be smallerin V and I than indicated here. From this, we point out the importanceof obtaining NIR photometry for more (closeby) Cepheids, as for themoment NIR photometry is only available for 27% of the total sample.This would eliminate the possible bias due to the limited number ofstars, and would reduce the random error estimate from 0.18 to about0.10 mag. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the DM to reddening,metallicity correction and slope are smallest in the K-band. Based ondata from the ESA HP astrometry satellite.
| Direct calibration of the Cepheid period-luminosity relation
After the first release of Hipparcos data, Feast & Catchpole gave anew value for the zero-point of the visual Cepheid period-luminosityrelation, based on trigonometric parallaxes. Because of the largeuncertainties on these parallaxes, the way in which individualmeasurements are weighted is of crucial importance. We thereforeconclude that the choice of the best weighting system can be aided by aMonte Carlo simulation. On the basis of such a simulation, it is shownthat (i) a cut-off in π or in σ_ππ introduces a strongbias; (ii) the zero-point is more stable when only the brightestCepheids are used; and (iii) the Feast & Catchpole weighting givesthe best zero-point and the lowest dispersion. After correction, theadopted visual period-luminosity relation is=-2.77logP-1.44+/-0.05. Moreover, we extend this study to thephotometric I band (Cousins) and obtain=-3.05logP-1.81+/-0.09.
| I- and JHK-band photometry of classical Cepheids in the HIPPARCOS catalog
By correlating the \cite[Fernie et al. (1995)]{F95} electronic databaseon Cepheids with the ``resolved variable catalog'' of the hipparcosmission and the simbad catalog one finds that there are 280 Cepheids inthe hipparcos catalog. By removing W Vir stars (Type ii Cepheids),double-mode Cepheids, Cepheids with an unreliable solution in thehipparcos catalog, and stars without photometry, it turns out that thereare 248 classical Cepheids left, of which 32 are classified asfirst-overtone pulsators. For these stars the literature was searchedfor I-band and near-infrared data. Intensity-mean I-band photometry onthe Cousins system is derived for 189 stars, and intensity-mean JHK dataon the Carter system is presented for 69 stars.
| The shape and scale of Galactic rotation from Cepheid kinematics
A catalog of Cepheid variables is used to probe the kinematics of theGalactic disk. Radial velocities are measured for eight distant Cepheidstoward l = 300 deg; these new Cepheids provide a particularly goodconstraint on the distance to the Galactic center, R0. We model the diskwith both an axisymmetric rotation curve and one with a weak ellipticalcomponent, and find evidence for an ellipticity of 0.043 +/- 0.016 nearthe sun. Using these models, we derive R0 = 7.66 +/- 0.32 kpc andv(circ) = 237 +/- 12 km/s. The distance to the Galactic center agreeswell with recent determinations from the distribution of RR Lyraevariables and disfavors most models with large ellipticities at thesolar orbit.
| Monitoring the Evolution of Cepheid Variables
Described here are preliminary results of a pilot project to monitorchanges in the ephemerides of northern hemisphere Cepheid's using anSBIG camera attached to the 0.4-m telescope of the campus obversatory atSaint Mary's University. Epochs of maximum light for fifteen Cepheid'shave been derived using published light curves for each variable astemplates, and the results are being used to update the O-C ephemeridesfor the program stars. Results for BB Her are presented here. Periodchanges for Cepheid variables are demonstrated to be an excellent meansof pinpointing their evolutionary status, as well as for investigatingother peculiarities of the class.
| Galactic kinematics of Cepheids from HIPPARCOS proper motions
The Hipparcos proper motions of 220 Galactic Cepheids, together withrelevant ground-based photometry, have been analyzed. The effects ofGalactic rotation are very clearly seen. Mean values of the Oortconstants, A = 14.82 +/- 0.84 km/s kpc, and B = -12.37 +/- 0.64 km/skpc, and of the angular velocity of circular rotation at the sun, 27.19+/- 0.87 km/s kpc, are derived. A comparison of the value of A withvalues derived from recent radial velocity solutions confirms, withinthe errors, the zero-points of the period-luminosity andperiod-luminosity-color relations derived directly from the Hipparcostrigonometrical parallaxes of the same stars. The proper motion resultssuggest that the Galactic rotation curve is declining slowly at thesolar distance from the Galactic Center (-2.4 +/- 1.2 km/s kpc). Thecomponent of the solar motion towards the North Galactic Pole is foundto be +7.61 +/- 0.64 km/s. Based on the increased distance scale deducedin the present paper, the distance to the Galactic Center derived in aprevious radial velocity study is increased to 8.5 +/- 0.5 kpc.
| Derivation of the Galactic rotation curve using space velocities
We present rotation curves of the Galaxy based on the space-velocitiesof 197 OB stars and 144 classical cepheids, respectively, which rangeover a galactocentric distance interval of about 6 to 12kpc. Nosignificant differences between these rotation curves and rotationcurves based solely on radial velocities assuming circular rotation arefound. We derive an angular velocity of the LSR of{OMEGA}_0_=5.5+/-0.4mas/a (OB stars) and {OMEGA}_0_=5.4+/-0.5mas/a(cepheids), which is in agreement with the IAU 1985 value of{OMEGA}_0_=5.5mas/a. If we correct for probable rotations of the FK5system, the corresponding angular velocities are {OMEGA}_0_=6.0mas/a (OBstars) and {OMEGA}_0_=6.2mas/a (cepheids). These values agree betterwith the value of {OMEGA}_0_=6.4mas/a derived from the VLA measurementof the proper motion of SgrA^*^.
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| Rotation Curve of the System of Classical Cepheids and the Distance to the Galactic Center
Not Available
| New radial velocities for classical cepheids. Local galactic rotation revisited
New centre-of-mass radial velocities are calculated for 107 classicalcepheids from CORAVEL observations. We generally determine thesevelocities from four to six measurements carefully spaced in phase, byfitting a "typical" radial velocity curve or the mirror image of thelight curve. A decomposition in Fourier series is used for stars withmore than 10 measurements. Distances are then computed through aperiod-luminosity-colour relation for 278 classical cepheids with knownradial velocity, and an axisymmetric galactic rotation model is appliedto the sample, using a generalised non-linear least square method withuncertainties on both the velocities and the distances. The bestresults, with a rotation curve modelled as a third order polynomial,are: Rsun_=8.09 +/-0.30 kpc, A=15.92 +/-0.34 km/s/kpc, 2ARsun_=257 +/-7 km/s, A2=d^2theta(R)/d R^2^=-3.38+/-0.38 km/s/kpc^2^, A3=d^3theta(R)/d R^3^=1.99 +/-0.62km/s/kpc^3^, u_0_=9.32 +/-0.80 km/s, v_0_=11.18 +/-0.65 km/s. The effectof modifying the distance scale of cepheids, the absorption coefficientor the fitting procedure algorithm are examined. It appears that theproduct 2 A Rsun_ is very robust towards these changes. Theextended sample of classical cepheids with known radial velocitypresented in this paper seems to imply a higher value for A thananterior studies. The radial velocity residuals show a systematic k-termof about 2 km/s. New evidence from cluster cepheids excludes anintrinsic cause for this shift, and a dynamical cause is proposed from acomparison with a N-body simulation of the Galaxy. The simulation showsthat a systematic bias of this magnitude is typical. The structure ofthe local residual velocity field is examined in some detail.
| Cepheid radial velocity curves revisited
Existing radial velocity data of 57 type I Galactic Cepheids areanalyzed to study the systematic variation of their Fourierdecomposition with the period. All important features (including thebump progression) of the radial velocity variation are described bylow-order (third-order to fifth-order) Fourier decompositions. The dataare in fair agreement with the recent hydrodynamic results, whichimplies that the 2:1 resonance between the fundamental and secondovertone modes is the most important factor in the shaping of the radialvelocity curves. The highest quality data of this sample suggest a verytight progression of the Fourier coefficients, which indicates strictconstraints on the physical parameters or on the evolutionary history ofCepheids.
| Radio observations of Herbig-Haro objects
Recent radio observations of Herbig-Haro objects and their environmentshave involved molecular and atomic neutral-gas studies yieldinginformation on three key components of these regions of ecent starformation and outflows (1) the dense, quiescent gas surrounding theexciting source of the outflow, (2) the high-velocity bipolar outflowgas, which is most likely ambient gas accelerated by a stellar wind, and(3) the extreme high-velocity gas which is either the stellar winditself or gas closely associated with the stellar wind. The ionized-gascomponent is also revealed in its free-free emission; radio observationsof this continuum emission from these objects and their exciting sourcesare important in studies of the outflow phenomenon in star-formingregions.
| A cluster analysis of cepheids
The galactic distribution of 300 cepheids is considered. It is shownthat about half of them enter groups with characteristic dimensions ofseveral hundred parsecs. Due to their proximity, the cepheids in eachtaxon have similar radial velocity and period values. If the period of acepheid is associated with age, the results indicate that the clustercontains stars of approximately the same age.
| CCD light curves for the double Cepheid CE CAS
CE Cas a and b in NGC 7790 are separated by 2.3arcsec and thus cannot bemeasured individually by conventional photometric techniques. Theauthors observed the pair over a period of 3 yr with CCD detectors,using modern point-spread-function deconvolution techniques to determinemagnitudes. Observations were primarily in the V band, although some Bobservations were made. The V light curves show a definite phase shift(particularly for CE Cas a) when compared to previous determinations.The authors have determined new periods and epochs of V maxima. Forcomparison with other observations, they fit the data to three-termFourier expansions, and conclude that previous intensity-averagedmagnitudes and colors are consistent to ≡0.05 mag, which iscomparable to the measurement errors.
| Classical bump Cepheids - Reconciliation of theory with observations
New models of classical bump Cepheids lying along the Cepheid ridge linein the H-R diagram are computed to obtain a more accurate set ofpredicted surface velocity curves. Acceptable Cepheid models are foundto be 0.5 mag brighter at a fixed stellar mass than standardevolutionary models. All the previously obtained manifestations of theCepheid mass discrepancy, except for the anomalous double-mode Cepheidmasses, are resolved, at least in a statistical sense, by accepting theimplied luminosity increase. The need for the luminosity increase isindependently inferred from standard evolutionary models ofintermediate-mass and high-mass giant and supergiant stars from theirlocation in the observational H-R diagram.
| Classical Cepheids - Their distances and space distribution
A simplified method of calculating classical Cepheid distances isproposed. It is based on photometric data, without the use of thereddenings. By means of results obtained in this way the followingproblems are discussed: Cepheid double and more numerous aggregates andproperties of the cluster and association Cepheid.
| Milky Way rotation and the distance to the galactic center from Cepheid variables
The compiled photometry, reddenings, and radial velocities of GalacticCepheids are fit with an axisymmetric Galactic rotation model. R(0) =7.8 + or - 0.7 kpc and 2AR(0) = 228 + or - 19 km/s are derived. The LMCdistance modulus is 18.45 on the same absolute calibration. ObservedCepheid gamma velocities appear on average to be 30 + or - 1 km/s morenegative than the true corresponding center-of-mass velocities. Thetrend of increasing blueness toward larger Galactocentric radiusconfirms the radial metallicity gradient found spectroscopically.
| Studies of Cepheid-type variability. V - The Fourier phases of type II Cepheids with periods of 1-3 days
Fourier phases of type II Cepheids with periods 1-3 d are reanalyzed andcompared with similar data for classical Cepheids, using a new phasedefinition recently proposed by Stellingwerf and Donohoe (1986). It isfound that this definition allows an improved analysis, mainly due tothe possibility of comparison with a standard case. It is shown that theavailable data for the type II Cepheids are in good agreement with theassumption of a resonance at a period of about 1.5 d.
| The catalogue of light curves parameters, distances and space coordinates of classical Cepheids.
Not Available
| An index to variable star finder charts in the journal of the AAVSO 1972-1985.
Not Available
| Population I pulsating stars. II - Period-age (-colour) relations
Ages corresponding to various evolutionary phases of population Ipulsating stars (89 Delta Scuti variables and 155 classical cepheids)are interpolated in the evolutionary track systems of Iben (1967) andPaczynski (1970). The stellar ages are considerably less in the lattersystem than in the former one. The undertainty of the age of a star isestimated when various evolutionary phases are possible for this star (agreater age corresponds to a later phase). Semiempiricalperiod-age-color (P-t-C) and period-age (P-1) relations are derived forvarious modes, groups of stars, color indices (and effectivetemperature), and evolutionary phases. For Delta Scuti stars, theuncertainty of ages calculated from the P-t relations for differentmodes, is estimated. Theoretical P-t-C and P-t relations for Delta Scutistars are obtained and compared with semiempirical relations (such acomparison of P-t relations is performed for classical cepheids too).The improvement of the age accuracy is estimated when a P-t-C relationis used instead of the corresponding P-t relation. The theoretical andsemiempirical period ratios of radial pulsations, derived from the P-trelations for Delta Scuti stars, are compared. There is relatively goodagreement between the P-t relations for the two types of population Ipulsating stars, but a 'gap' exists between them.
| Sorting Out the Period of XY Cassiopeiae
A survey of Harvard College Observatory and Maria Mitchell Observatoryplates was undertaken to clear up confusion surrounding the period ofthe 10th magnitude Cepheid, XY Cassiopeiae. New elements indicate aprobable decrease in the period but do not confirm other period changesreferred to in earlier studies.
| Population I pulsating stars. I - Period-luminosity (-colour) relations
Luminosities of Population I pulsating stars (Delta Scuti variables andclassical cepheids) are investigated. From data for 80 Delta Scutistars, semiempirical period-luminosity-color (P-L-C) relations andperiod-luminosity (P-L) relations are obtained for the four lowest modesof radial pulsations. The improvement of the accuracy of the stellarluminosity is determined when a P-L-C relation is used instead of thecorresponding P-L relation. From data for 155 classical cepheids,empirical P-L relations are derived for short-period stars, long-periodstars, and s-cepheids. The comparison of the P-L relations for the twotypes of variable stars shows good agreement, but between them there isa 'gap' with a dim nature.
| Phase lags and pulsation modes of classical Cepheids
The first-order phase lag between light and velocity is calculated fromFourier decompositions of the variations of 12 classical Cepheids. Thephase lags have a narrow range, with maximum expansion velocity alwaysretarded with respect to maximum light. The average value of thefirst-order phase lag is found to be approximately -0.3, close to thetheoretical value obtained from the models of Simon and Davis. When thephase lag is plotted against period, two of the stars stand out. Thesestars are SU Cas and AZ Cen, both suspected overtone pulsators. AZ Cenis further investigated by combining the light curves of three observersand plotting the star on the phi(21)-period diagram of Simon and Lee.The tentative result is seen to strengthen both the identification of AZCen as an overtone pulsator and the possible role of the first-orderphase lag as a discriminator of mode. The results and the uncertaintieswhich remain are discussed.
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Cassiopée |
| Right ascension: | 00h49m53.26s |
| Declination: | +60°07'38.6" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 9.976 |
| Proper motion RA: | -3.5 |
| Proper motion Dec: | -2.3 |
| B-T magnitude: | 11.275 |
| V-T magnitude: | 10.084 |
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INHABITED SKY
