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Mass fluxes for hot stars
In an attempt to understand the extraordinarily small mass-loss rates oflate-type O dwarfs, mass fluxes in the relevant part of(Teff, g)-space are derived from first principles using apreviously-described code for constructing moving reversing layers. Fromthese mass fluxes, a weak-wind domain is identified within which astar's rate of mass loss by a radiatively-driven wind is less than thatdue to nuclear burning. The five weak-wind stars recently analysed byMarcolino et al. (2009, A&A, 498, 837) fall within or at the edge ofthis domain. But although the theoretical mass fluxes for these starsare ?1.4 dex lower than those derived with the formula of Vink et al.(2000), the observed rates are still not matched, a failure that mayreflect our poor understanding of low-density supersonic outflows. Massfluxes are also computed for two strong-wind O4 stars analysed by Bouretet al. (2005, A&A, 438, 301). The predictions agree with the sharplyreduced mass loss rates found when Bouret et al. take wind clumping intoaccount.
| FUSE Measurements of Far-Ultraviolet Extinction. III. The Dependence on R(V) and Discrete Feature Limits from 75 Galactic Sightlines
We present a sample of 75 extinction curves derived from Far UltravioletSpectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) far-ultraviolet spectra supplemented byexisting International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) spectra. Theextinction curves were created using the standard pair method based on anew set of dereddened FUSE+IUE comparison stars. Molecular hydrogenabsorption features were removed using individualized H2models for each sightline. The general shape of the FUSE extinction (8.4μm-1 < λ-1 < 11μm-1) was found to be broadly consistent withextrapolations from the IUE extinction (3.3 μm-1< λ-1 < 8.6 μm-1)curve. Significant differences were seen in the strength of the far-UVrise and the width of the 2175 Å bump. All the FUSE+IUE extinctioncurves had positive far-UV slopes giving no indication that the far-UVrise was turning over at the shortest wavelengths. The dependence ofA(λ)/A(V) versus R(V)-1 in the far-UV using thesightlines in our sample was found to be stronger than tentativelyindicated by previous work. We present an updated R(V)-dependentrelationship for the full UV wavelength range (3.3μm-1 <= λ-1 <= 11μm-1). Finally, we searched for discrete absorptionfeatures in the far-ultraviolet. We found a 3σ upper limit of~0.12A(V) on features with a resolution of 250 (~4 Å width) and3σ upper limits of ~0.15A(V) for λ-1 <9.6 μm-1 and ~0.68A(V) forλ-1>9.6 μm-1 on featureswith a resolution of 104 (~0.1 Å width).
| Analysis of Galactic late-type O dwarfs: more constraints on the weak wind problem
Aims. We investigate the stellar and wind properties of a sample oflate-type O dwarfs. Previous analyses of such stars have found very lowmass-loss rates; rates much lower than predicted by theory (the weakwind problem). Methods: Far-UV to optical spectra of five Galactic Ostars were analyzed: HD 216898 (O9IV/O8.5V), HD 326329 (O9V), HD 66788(O8V/O9V), ζ Oph (O9.5Vnn), and HD 216532 (O8.5V((n))). We used agrid of TLUSTY models to obtain effective temperatures, gravities,rotational velocities, and to identify wind lines. Wind parameters foreach object were obtained using expanding atmosphere models calculatedwith the CMFGEN code. Results: The spectra of our sample have primarilya photospheric origin. A weak wind signature is seen in C ivλλ1548, 1551, from which mass-loss rates consistent withprevious CMFGEN results for O8-O9V stars were derived(˜10-10-10-9 M_ȯ yr-1). Adiscrepancy of roughly two orders of magnitude is found between thesemass-loss rates and the values predicted by theory (dot{M}_Vink),confirming a breakdown or a steepening of the modified windmomentum-luminosity relation at log L_star/L_ȯ ⪉ 5.2. We haveestimated the carbon abundance for the stars of our sample and concludedthat its value cannot be reduced to sufficiently small values to solvethe weak wind problem. Upper limits on dot{M} were established for allobjects using lines of different ions: P v λλ1118, 1128, Ciii λ 1176, N v λλ1239, 1243, Si ivλλ1394, 1403, and N iv λ1718. All the valuesobtained are in disagreement with theoretical predictions, bringingsupport to the reality of weak winds. Together with C ivλλ1548, 1551, the use of N v λλ1239, 1243results in the lowest mass-loss rates: the upper limits indicate thatdot{M} must be less than about -1.0 dex dot{M}_Vink. Upper mass-lossrate limits obtained for other transitions are also low: they indicatethat dot{M} must be less than about (-0.5 ± 0.2) dex dot{M}_Vink.We studied the behavior of the Hα line with different mass-lossrates. For two stars, only models with very low dot{M}'s provide thebest fit to the UV and optical spectra. We also explored ways to fit theobserved spectra with the theoretical mass-loss rates. By using largeamounts of X-rays, we could reduce the predicted wind emission to theobserved levels. However, unrealistic X-ray luminosities had to be used(log L_X/L_Bol ⪆ -3.5). The validity of the models used in ouranalyses is discussed.Based on observations made with the NASA-CNES-CSA Far UltravioletSpectroscopic Explorer and by the NASA-ESA-SERC InternationalUltraviolet Explorer , and retrieved from the Multimission Archive atthe Space Telescope Science Institute (MAST). Based on observationscollected with the ELODIE spectrograph on the 1.93-m telescope(Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France). Based on observationscollected with the FEROS instrument on the ESO 2.2 m telescope, program074.D-0300 and 075.D-0061. Appendices A and B are only available inelectronic form at http://www.aanda.org
| A CO J = 1-0 survey of common optical/uv absorption sightlines
Context: Comparison of optical/uv absorption line data withhigh-resolution profiles of mm-wave CO emission provides complementaryinformation on the absorbing gas, as toward ? Oph. Over the pastthirty years a wealth of observations of CO and other molecules inoptical/uv absorption in diffuse clouds has accumulated for which nocomparable CO emission line data exist. Aims: To acquire mm-waveJ=1-0 CO emission line profiles toward a substantial sample ofcommonly-studied optical/uv absorption line targets and to compare withthe properties of the absorbing gas, especially the predicted emissionline strengths. Methods: Using the ARO 12 m telescope, weobserved mm-wavelength J=1-0 CO emission with spectral resolution R ?3× 106 and spatial resolution 1' toward a sample of 110lines of sight previously studied in optical/uv absorption lines of CO,H2, CH, etc. Results: Interstellar CO emission was detected along65 of the 110 lines of sight surveyed and there is a generalsuperabundance of CO emission given the distribution of galacticlatitudes in the survey sample. Much of the emission is optically thickor very intense and must emanate from dark clouds or warm dense gas nearHII regions. Conclusions: Judging from the statisticalsuperabundance of CO emission, seen also in the total line of sightreddening, the OB star optical/uv absorption line targets must bephysically associated with the large quantities of neutral gas whose COemission was detected, in which case they are probably influencing theabsorbing gas by heating and/or photoionizing it. This explains whyCO/H2 and 12CO/13CO ratios differ somewhat betweenuv and mm-wave absorption line studies. Because the lines of sight havebeen preselected to have AV ? 1 mag, relatively little ofthe associated material actually occults the targets, making itdifficult for CO emission line observations to isolate the foregroundgas contribution.Based on observations obtained with the ARO Kitt Peak 12 mtelescope.
| CN column densities and excitation temperatures
We analyse abundances and rotational temperatures of the interstellar CNmolecule. We have calculated the column densities and excitationtemperatures of the molecule along 73 lines of sight basing on ouroriginal measurements of the B 2?+ -X2?+ (0,0) vibrational band recorded in highsignal-to-noise ratio spectra and also for 88 directions based onmeasurements already available in literature. We compare the columndensities obtained from different bands of CN molecule available toground-based instruments. The obtained excitation temperatures in theanalysed directions show always an excess over the cosmic microwavebackground radiation (CMBR) temperature.
| Adaptive Optics Photometry and Astrometry of Binary Stars. III. a Faint Companion Search of O-Star Systems
We present the results of an adaptive optics survey for faint companionsamong Galactic O-type star systems (with V lsim 8) using the AdvancedElectro-Optical System (AEOS) 3.6 m telescope on Haleakala. We surveyedthese O-star systems in the I-band, typically being able to detect acompanion with a magnitude difference of utrimI lsim 6 in theprojected separation range 0farcs5 < ρ < 1farcs0, andutrimI lsim 9.5 in the range 1farcs0 < ρ < 5farcs0.In the course of the survey, we discovered 40 new companions among 31 ofthe 116 objects examined and made astrometric and differential magnitudemeasurements of 24 additional known pairs, several of them beingconfirmation detections. We present new astrometric orbits for twobinaries, BU 1032AB (WDS 05387–0236 σ Ori AB) and SEE 322(WDS 17158–3344 HD 155889AB). We lack magnitude differences forother filter bands, so it is difficult to determine physical fromline-of-sight companions, but we present empirical arguments for thelimiting magnitude difference where field contamination is significant.Based on observations made at the Maui Space Surveillance Systemoperated by Detachment 15 of the US Air Force Research Laboratory'sDirected Energy Directorate.
| An Analysis of the Shapes of Interstellar Extinction Curves. V. The IR-through-UV Curve Morphology
We study the IR-through-UV interstellar extinction curves towards 328Galactic B and late-O stars. We use a new technique which employsstellar atmosphere models in lieu of unreddened "standard" stars. Thistechnique is capable of virtually eliminating spectral mismatch errorsin the curves. It also allows a quantitative assessment of the errorsand enables a rigorous testing of the significance of relationshipsbetween various curve parameters, regardless of whether theiruncertainties are correlated. Analysis of the curves gives the followingresults: (1) In accord with our previous findings, the central positionof the 2175 A extinction bump is mildly variable, its width is highlyvariable, and the two variations are unrelated. (2) Strong correlationsare found among some extinction properties within the UV region, andwithin the IR region. (3) With the exception of a few curves withextreme (i.e., large) values of R(V), the UV and IR portions of Galacticextinction curves are not correlated with each other. (4) The largesightline-to-sightline variation seen in our sample implies that anyaverage Galactic extinction curve will always reflect the biases of itsparent sample. (5) The use of an average curve to deredden a spectralenergy distribution (SED) will result in significant errors, and arealistic error budget for the dereddened SED must include the observedvariance of Galactic curves. While the observed largesightline-to-sightline variations, and the lack of correlation among thevarious features of the curves, make it difficult to meaningfullycharacterize average extinction properties, they demonstrate thatextinction curves respond sensitively to local conditions. Thus, eachcurve contains potentially unique information about the grains along itssightline.
| Pulkovo compilation of radial velocities for 35495 stars in a common system.
Not Available
| Cloud Structure and Physical Conditions in Star-forming Regions from Optical Observations. II. Analysis
To complement the optical absorption line survey of diffuse moleculargas in Paper I, we obtained and analyzed far-ultraviolet H2and CO data on lines of sight toward stars in Cep OB2 and Cep OB3.Possible correlations between column densities of different species forindividual velocity components, not total columns along a line of sightas in the past, were examined and were interpreted in terms of cloudstructure. The analysis reveals that there are two kinds of CH indiffuse molecular gas: CN-like CH and CH+-like CH. Evidenceis provided that CO is also associated with CN in diffuse molecularclouds. Different species are distributed according to gas density inthe diffuse molecular gas. Both calcium and potassium may be depletedonto grains in high-density gas, but with different dependencies onlocal gas density. Gas densities for components where CN was detectedwere inferred from a chemical model. Analysis of cloud structureindicates that our data are generally consistent with the large-scalestructure suggested by maps of CO millimeter-wave emission. On smallscales, the gas density is seen to vary by factors greater than 5.0 overscales of ~10,000 AU. The relationships between column densities of COand CH with that of H2 along a line of sight show similarslopes for the gas toward Cep OB2 and Cep OB3, but the CO/H2and CH/H2 ratios tend to differ, which we ascribe tovariation in average density along the line of sight.
| New Estimates of the Solar-Neighborhood Massive Star Birthrate and the Galactic Supernova Rate
The birthrate of stars of masses >=10 Msolar is estimatedfrom a sample of just over 400 O3-B2 dwarfs within 1.5 kpc of the Sunand the result extrapolated to estimate the Galactic supernova ratecontributed by such stars. The solar-neighborhood Galactic-plane massivestar birthrate is estimated at ~176 stars kpc-3Myr-1. On the basis of a model in which the Galactic stellardensity distribution comprises a ``disk+central hole'' like that of thedust infrared emission (as proposed by Drimmel and Spergel), theGalactic supernova rate is estimated at probably not less than ~1 normore than ~2 per century and the number of O3-B2 dwarfs within the solarcircle at ~200,000.
| Cloud Structure and Physical Conditions in Star-forming Regions from Optical Observations. I. Data and Component Structure
We present high-resolution optical spectra (at ~0.6-1.8 kms-1) of interstellar CN, CH, CH+, Ca I, K I, andCa II absorption toward 29 lines of sight in three star-forming regions,ρ Oph, Cep OB2, and Cep OB3. The observations and data reduction aredescribed. The agreement between earlier measurements of the totalequivalent widths and our results is quite good. However, our higherresolution spectra reveal complex structure and closely blendedcomponents in most lines of sight. The velocity component structure ofeach species is obtained by analyzing the spectra of the six species fora given sight line together. The tabulated column densities and Dopplerparameters of individual components are determined by using the methodof profile fitting. Total column densities along lines of sight arecomputed by summing results from profile fitting for individualcomponents and are compared with column densities from the apparentoptical depth method. A more detailed analysis of these data and theirimplications will be presented in a companion paper.
| A Galactic O Star Catalog
We have produced a catalog of 378 Galactic O stars with accuratespectral classifications that is complete for V<8 but includes manyfainter stars. The catalog provides cross-identifications with othersources; coordinates (obtained in most cases from Tycho-2 data);astrometric distances for 24 of the nearest stars; optical (Tycho-2,Johnson, and Strömgren) and NIR photometry; group membership,runaway character, and multiplicity information; and a Web-based versionwith links to on-line services.
| A study of RV in Galactic O stars from the 2MASS catalogue
We present new measurements of the interstellar reddening parameterRV=AV/E(B-V) towards 185 O stars, using J, H,Ks photometry from the 2MASS project. The results arecombined with data from the literature of 95 stars where RVhas been derived with the same technique, 22 of which in common with ourpresent sample from the 2MASS project catalogue. The averageRV from these 258 O stars is of 3.19 +/- 0.50. All objectswhose RV departs from this value by more than 2 sigma havebeen recognized. Ten objects have RV higher than this valueand two lower. It is found that anomalous RV can scarcely beassociated with anomalies in the general interstellar medium, e.g. withdifferent behaviour in different spiral arms. They are clearly linked tolocal cloud effect. In the Cygnus region RV values follow thebehaviour of the general interstellar medium, while in the Carina arm,in spite of the relatively larger distance, local cloud effects prevail.An explanation for this is suggested. The relatively few stars of oursample whose Hipparcos parallaxes are reliable, are found to havedistances systematically smaller than the distances derived by thespectroscopic parallaxes. We argue that this effect is consistent withthe recently claimed discovery of grey extinction towards OB stars.This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All SkySurvey (2MASS), which is a joint project of the University ofMassachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/CaliforniaInstitute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration and the National Science Foundation.Tables 1 and 2 are only available in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/410/905
| A Method for Simultaneous Determination of AV and R and Applications
A method for the simultaneous determination of the interstellarextinction (AV) and of the ratio of total to selectiveextinction (R), derived from the 1989 Cardelli, Clayton, & Mathisfitting of the interstellar extinction law, is presented and applied toa set of 1900 color excesses derived from observations of stars inUBVRIJHKL. The method is used to study the stability of AVand R within selected regions in Perseus, Scorpius, Monoceros, Orion,Sagittarius, Ophiuchus, Carina, and Serpens. Analysis shows that R isapproximately constant and peculiar to each sector, with mean valuesthat vary from 3.2 in Perseus to 5.6 in Ophiuchus. These results aresimilar to published values by Aiello et al., He et al., Vrba &Rydgren, O'Donnell, and Cardelli, Clayton, & Mathis.
| Catalog of Galactic OB Stars
An all-sky catalog of Galactic OB stars has been created by extendingthe Case-Hamburg Galactic plane luminous-stars surveys to include 5500additional objects drawn from the literature. This work brings the totalnumber of known or reasonably suspected OB stars to over 16,000.Companion databases of UBVβ photometry and MK classifications forthese objects include nearly 30,000 and 20,000 entries, respectively.
| The total-to-selective extinction ratio determined from near IR photometry of OB stars
The paper presents an extensive list of the total to selectiveextinction ratios R calculated from the infrared magnitudes of 597 O andB stars using the extrapolation method. The IR magnitudes of these starswere taken from the literature. The IR colour excesses are determinedwith the aid of "artificial standards" - Wegner (1994). The individualand mean values of total to selective extinction ratios R differ in mostcases from the average value R=3.10 +/-0.05 - Wegner (1993) in differentOB associations. The relation between total to selective extinctionratios R determined in this paper and those calculated using the "methodof variable extinction" and the Cardelli et al. (1989) formulae isdiscussed. The R values presented in this paper can be used to determineindividual absolute magnitudes of reddened OB stars with knowntrigonometric parallaxes.
| On the Absolute Magnitudes of the O Stars
The conclusion published in 1992 by Garmany & Stencel from a studyof northern OB associations, that the absolute magnitudes of the O starsshow ``a large scatter ... intrinsic to the classification system,'' iscritically examined. It is found that the differences between theirderived absolute magnitudes of O stars and this author's 1973calibration exhibit large systematic effects in several associations,ranging from -0.74 to +1.02 mag with substantially smaller dispersions.Of course, when these results are combined, the scatter equals the fullrange of the systematic effects. To investigate the possibility ofdistance errors, the Garmany & Stencel B0-B2.5 stars in the sameassociations are subjected to the same analysis. The results for the Bstars show no significant systematic differences, eliminating errors inthe association distances derived by Garmany & Stencel from the Bstars as the source of the differences found for the O stars. It isnoteworthy that the dispersions in the absolute magnitudes of the Bstars within a given association are similar to or larger than those ofthe O stars. An examination of the distribution on the sky of the starsshows that the O and B stars in the discrepant associations aregenerally not colocated; such was already known to be the case for theimportant Perseus OB1 association. It is suggested that despite theirefforts to improve them, significant problems remain with theassociation memberships adopted by Garmany & Stencel; the relativelysmall dispersions of the O star absolute magnitudes even in thediscrepant cases indicate that they belong to different, usually moredistant associations near the lines of sight to the B associations withwhich they have been mistakenly connected. Several individual cases ofunrecognized multiple systems and classification errors are also foundin the Garmany & Stencel sample. It is concluded that the scatter inthe absolute magnitudes of the O stars is not as large as found byGarmany & Stencel, and not larger than that of the B stars.
| The relation between far-UV and visible extinctions
For directions of sufficient reddening (/E(B-V)>~0.25), there is asimple relation between the slope of the extinction curve in the far-UVand /E(B-V). Regardless of direction, the far-UV extinction curve isproportional to 1/λn e-2E(B-V)/λ(/λ in μm, /n=4), in accordance with the idea that reddenedstars spectra are contaminated by scattered light (Zagury, 2001b). Thisrelation is not compatible with the standard theory of extinction whichstates that far-UV and visible extinctions are due to different classesof particle. In that model the two (far-UV and visible) extinctions varythus independently according to the proportion of each type of particle.In preceding papers I have shown that the standard theory cannot explainUV observations of nebulae, and is contradicted by the UV spectra ofstars with very low reddening: for how long shall the standard theory beconsidered as the interpretation of the extinction curve?
| Atlas of Interstellar Extinction Curves of OB Stars Covering the Whole Available Wavelength Range
The paper presents a collection of 436 extinction curves covering thewhole available range of wavelengths from satellite UV to near-IR. Thedata were taken from the ANS photometric catalogue and from thecompilations of IR photometric measurements. The data curves have beenobtained with the aid of ``artificial standards": Papaj et al. (1993)and Wegner (1994, 1995). The visual magnitudes and spectralclassifications of O and B type stars with EB-V>= 0.05were taken from the SIMBAD database. The curves are given in the form ofplots and tables E{lambda - V} / EB-V versus1/λ. The observed variety of extinction laws among slightlyreddened stars is apparently due to the various physical parameters ofinterstellar clouds.
| On the Correlation between CO Absorption and Far-Ultraviolet Nonlinear Extinction toward Galactic OB Stars
A sample of 59 sight lines to reddened Galactic OB stars was examinedfor correlations of the strength of the CO Fourth Positive(A1Π-X1Σ+) absorption bandsystem with the ultraviolet interstellar extinction curve parameters. Weused archival high-dispersion NEWSIPS IUE spectra to measure the COabsorption for comparison with parametric fits of the extinction curvesfrom the literature. A strong correlation with the nonlinear far-UVcurvature term was found with greater absorption, normalized to E(B-V),being associated with more curvature. A weaker trend with the linearextinction term was also found. Mechanisms for enhancing CO in dustenvironments exhibiting high nonlinear curvature are discussed.
| Optical and Infrared Images and Spectroscopy of the HH 168 Bubble in Cepheus A
We present new optical emission-line and continuum images taken with theHubble Space Telescope of the shocked bubble HH 168 (GGD 37) associatedwith the massive star formation region Cepheus A. The new images clearlyresolve the interface between the molecular flow, defined by near-IRimages of H2, and the shocked, optically emitting gas. TheH2 emits in a clumpy sheath that surrounds the opticalemission, in what appears to be a precursor or a C-type shock. Thisregion also emits in [S II]. Hence, unlike most other Herbig-Haro (HH)regions, where [S II] radiates only behind H? in a cooling zone,in HH 168 the [S II] emission leads H? when H2 emissionis present. The [S II] in the precursor C-shock separates spatially fromthe H2; hence, this region is not isothermal. H2emission is absent and [O III] is bright near the apices of the highexcitation bow shocks in the flow, as expected from theory. Radialvelocities of H2 derived from high spectral resolution slitmaps of the two highest excitation HH objects lie within ~30 kms-1 of the molecular cloud velocity, consistent with theprecursor scenario. Some of the H2 emission in the region isredshifted and apparently unrelated to the HH 168 bubble. Additionaldiscoveries include numerous bright pointlike H? emission objects,some of which may be T Tauri stars, a bright jet unrelated to the bubbleflow, a bumpy morphology to the bright bow shock S, and severallocations where ``fingers'' of H2 terminate in opticallyvisible HH emission, similar to what is seen in the Orion Nebula. Basedon observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtainedat the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by theAssociation of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASAcontract NAS 5-26555.
| UBV beta Database for Case-Hamburg Northern and Southern Luminous Stars
A database of photoelectric UBV beta photometry for stars listed in theCase-Hamburg northern and southern Milky Way luminous stars surveys hasbeen compiled from the original research literature. Consisting of over16,000 observations of some 7300 stars from over 500 sources, thisdatabase constitutes the most complete compilation of such photometryavailable for intrinsically luminous stars around the Galactic plane.Over 5000 stars listed in the Case-Hamburg surveys still lackfundamental photometric data.
| A survey of vacuum-ultraviolet extinction curves based on International Ultraviolet Explorer spectra
This paper presents the interstellar extinction curves derived from theIUE spectra with the aid of the already published 'artificialstandards'. The variety of possible shapes of the curves, demonstratedearlier on spectra from the TD/1 satellite, is fully confirmed.
| Ultraviolet Interstellar Polarization of Galactic Starlight.I.Observations by the Wisconsin Ultraviolet Photo Polarimeter Experiment
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1996AJ....112.2726A&db_key=AST
| Derivation of the Galactic rotation curve using space velocities
We present rotation curves of the Galaxy based on the space-velocitiesof 197 OB stars and 144 classical cepheids, respectively, which rangeover a galactocentric distance interval of about 6 to 12kpc. Nosignificant differences between these rotation curves and rotationcurves based solely on radial velocities assuming circular rotation arefound. We derive an angular velocity of the LSR of{OMEGA}_0_=5.5+/-0.4mas/a (OB stars) and {OMEGA}_0_=5.4+/-0.5mas/a(cepheids), which is in agreement with the IAU 1985 value of{OMEGA}_0_=5.5mas/a. If we correct for probable rotations of the FK5system, the corresponding angular velocities are {OMEGA}_0_=6.0mas/a (OBstars) and {OMEGA}_0_=6.2mas/a (cepheids). These values agree betterwith the value of {OMEGA}_0_=6.4mas/a derived from the VLA measurementof the proper motion of SgrA^*^.
| Diffuse interstellar bands: resolved rotational band structure at 5850A.
The only candidate of what may be a resolved rotational vibrational bandin the DIB Survey of Jenniskens & Desert (1994), the triplet ofbands at 5844, 5850 and 5852 A, is examined in detail in order toestablish the nature of these DIBs. We find that superposed on the broadλ5844 are four weak features, reminiscent of substructure foundon top of the broad λ5778. The relative band strength of DIBsλ5844 and λ5850 correlates with the rotational temperaturein the J=0 and J=1 levels of molecular hydrogen. However, we do not findvariations in band shape that are consistent with substructure of aresolved rotational band profile. Instead, the narrow λ5850 isfound to have a shoulder on the red and blue side of the main band,which can imply that this band itself is an unresolved rovib band withP, Q and R branches.
| Diffuse interstellar bands and UV extinction curves. The missing link.
The connection between diffuse interstellar bands and components of theinterstellar ultraviolet extinction curve, decomposed according to theFitzpatrick & Massa scheme, is analysed from new observations ofseveral DIBs in the line of sight to 28 stars measured by IUE. We findthat the strength of the 217.5nm bump positively correlates with DIBstrength, whereas correlations with a negative slope exist with the FUVnon-linear rise and the width of the bump. There is no correlation withlinear rise. The relation of bump height versus DIB strength does notpass through zero. The results are interpreted within the polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) framework. They strengthen the hypothesisthat the FUV non-linear rise is produced by neutral PAHs, whereas DIBcarriers are found among some ionised or radical PAHs.
| Chemical transitions for interstellar C2 and CN in cloud envelopes
Observations were made of absorption from CH, C2, and CN towardmoderately reddened stars in Sco, OB2, Ceo OB3, and Taurus/Auriga. Forthese directions, most of the reddening is associated with a singlecloud complex, for example, the rho Ophiuchus molecular cloud, and as aresult, the observations probe moderately dense material. When combinedwith avaliable data for nearby directions, the survey provides the basisfor a comprehensive analysis of the chemistry for these species. Thechemical transitions affecting C2 and CN in cloud envelopes wereanalyzed. The depth into a cloud at which a transition takes place wascharacterized by tauuv, the grain optical depth at 1000 A.One transition at tauuv approx. = 2, which arises from, theconversion of C(+) into CO, affects the chemistries for both moleculesbecause of the key role this ion plays. A second one involvingproduction terms in the CN chemistry occurs at tauuv ofapprox. = 3; neutral reactions which C2 and CH is more important atlarger values for tauuv. The transition fromphotodissociation to chemical destruction takes place attauuv approx. = 4.5 for C2 and CN. The observational data forstars in Sco OB2, Cep OB3, and Taurus/Auriga were studied with chemicalrate equations containing the most important production and destructionmechanisms. Because the sample of stars in Sco OB2 includes sight lineswith Av ranging from 1-4 mag, sight lines dominated byphotochemistry could be analyzed separately from those controlled bygas-phase destruction. The analysis yielded values for two poorly knownrate constants for reactions involved in the production of CN; thereactions are C2 + N yields CN + C and C(+) + NH yields all products.The other directions were analyzed with the inferred values. Thepredicted column densities for C2 and CN agree with the observed valuesto better than 50%, and in most instances 20%. When combining theestimates for density and temperature derived from chemical modeling andmolecular excitation for a specific cloud, such as the rho Ophiuchusmolecular cloud, the portion of the cloud envelope probed by C2 and CNabsorption was found to be in pressure equilibrium.
| Intrinsic colour indices of O- and B- type stars in the Vilnius photometric system.
Not Available
| Tracing the Roots of Interstellar Mid Infrared Emission
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A&A...275..549J&db_key=AST
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Céphée |
| Right ascension: | 22h55m42.46s |
| Declination: | +62°18'22.8" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 8.04 |
| Distance: | 800 parsecs |
| Proper motion RA: | 1 |
| Proper motion Dec: | -1.6 |
| B-T magnitude: | 8.577 |
| V-T magnitude: | 8.085 |
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INHABITED SKY
