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An Overview of the Rotational Behavior of Metal-poor Stars
This paper describes the behavior of the rotational velocity inmetal-poor stars ([Fe/H] <= -0.5 dex) in different evolutionarystages, based on vsin i values from the literature. Our sample iscomprised of stars in the field and some Galactic globular clusters,including stars on the main sequence, the red giant branch (RGB), andthe horizontal branch (HB). The metal-poor stars are, mainly, slowrotators, and their vsin i distribution along the HR diagram is quitehomogeneous. Nevertheless, a few moderate to high values of vsin i arefound in stars located on the main sequence and the HB. We show that theoverall distribution of vsin i values is basically independent ofmetallicity for the stars in our sample. In particular, thefast-rotating main sequence stars in our sample present rotation ratessimilar to their metal-rich counterparts, suggesting that some of themmay actually be fairly young, in spite of their low metallicity, or elsethat at least some of them would be better classified as blue stragglerstars. We do not find significant evidence of evolution in vsin i valuesas a function of position on the RGB; in particular, we do not confirmprevious suggestions that stars close to the RGB tip rotate faster thantheir less-evolved counterparts. While the presence of fast rotatorsamong moderately cool blue HB stars has been suggested to be due toangular momentum transport from a stellar core that has retainedsignificant angular momentum during its prior evolution, we find thatany such transport mechanisms most likely operate very fast as the stararrives on the zero-age HB (ZAHB), since we do not find a link betweenevolution off the ZAHB and vsin i values. We present an extensivetabulation of all quantities discussed in this paper, including rotationvelocities, temperatures, gravities, and metallicities [Fe/H], as wellas broadband magnitudes and colors.
| Asymmetries in the Spectral Lines of Evolved Halo Stars
We do an initial reconnaissance of asymmetries of spectral lines inmetal-poor field stars using high-resolution observations of four redhorizontal-branch and 11 red giant branch stars taken with the coudespectrograph at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. We find that (1) theshapes of the line bisectors for metal-poor stars hotter than 4100 Kmimic the well-known C shape of bisectors for solar-metallicity stars onthe cool side of the granulation boundary while (2) metal-poor starscooler than 4100 K, or higher up the red giant branch than MV = –1.5, show bisectors with a reversed-C shape,similar to those for solar-metallicity stars on the hot side of thegranulation boundary and similar to the reversed-C shape found in aprevious study for the M-type supergiant Betelgeuse. The well-documentedradial-velocity jitter of high-luminosity stars and the line bisectorcharacteristics vary in concert up the red giant branch; both phenomenaare probably signatures of large convection cells.Based on observations obtained at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope(CFHT) which is operated by the National Research Council of Canada, theInstitut National des Sciences de l'Univers of the Centre National de laRecherche Scientifique de France, and the University of Hawaii.
| Rotation and Macroturbulence in Metal-Poor Field Red Giant and Red Horizontal Branch Stars
We report the results for rotational velocities, Vrot sin i,and macroturbulence dispersions, ζRT, for 12 metal-poorfield red giant branch (RGB) stars and 7 metal-poor field red horizontalbranch (RHB) stars. The results are based on Fourier transform analysesof absorption line profiles from high-resolution (R ≈ 120,000),high-S/N (≈215 per pixel; ≈345 per resolution element) spectraobtained with the Gecko spectrograph at the Canada-France-HawaiiTelescope (CFHT). The stars were selected from the authors' previousstudies of 20 RHB and 116 RGB stars, based primarily onlarger-than-average line-broadening values. We find thatζRT values for the metal-poor RGB stars are very similarto those for metal-rich disk giants studied earlier by Gray and hiscollaborators. Six of the RGB stars have small rotational values, lessthan 2.0 km s-1, while five show significantrotation/enhanced line broadening, over 3 km s-1. We confirmthe rapid rotation rate for RHB star HD 195636, found earlier byPreston. This star's rotation is comparable to that of the fastest knownrotating blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars, when allowance is made fordifferences in radii and moments of inertia. The other six RHB starshave somewhat lower rotation but show a trend to higher values at highertemperatures (lower radii). Comparing our results with those for BHBstars from Kinman et al., we find that the fraction of rapidly rotatingRHB stars is somewhat lower than is found among BHB stars. The number ofrapidly rotating RHB stars is also smaller than we would have expectedfrom the observed rotation of the RGB stars. We devise two empiricalmethods to translate our earlier line-broadening results intoVrot sin i for all the RGB and RHB stars they studied.Binning the RGB stars by luminosity, we find that most metal-poor fieldRGB stars show no detectable sign, on average, of rotation, which is notsurprising given the stars' large radii. However, the most luminousstars, with MV <= -1.5, do show net rotation, with meanvalues of 2-4 km s-1, depending on the algorithm employed,and also show signs of radial velocity jitter and mass loss. This"rotation" may in fact prove to be due to other line-broadening effects,such as shock waves or pulsation.Based on observations obtained at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope(CFHT) which is operated by the National Research Council of Canada, theInstitut National des Sciences de l'Univers of the Centre National de laRecherche Scientifique de France, and the University of Hawaii.
| Near-IR spectra of red supergiants and giants. I. Models with solar and with mixing-induced surface abundance ratios
Context: It remains difficult to interpret the near-IR emission of youngstellar populations. One main reason is our incomplete understanding ofthe spectra of luminous red stars. Aims: This work provides a grid oftheoretical spectra of red giant and supergiant stars, that extendsthrough optical and near-IR wavelengths. For the first time, models arealso provided with modified surface abundances of C, N and O, as a steptowards accounting for the changes that occur due to convectivedredge-up in red supergiants or may occur at earlier evolutionary stagesin the case of rotation. The aims are (i) to assess how well currentmodels reproduce observed spectra, in particular in the near-IR; (ii) toquantify the effects of the abundance changes on the spectra; and (iii)to determine how these changes affect estimates of fundamental stellarparameters. Methods: Spectra are computed with the model atmospherecode PHOENIX and compared with a homogeneous set of observations.Although the empirical spectra have a resolution of onlyλ/Δλ ˜ 1000, we emphasize that models must becalculated at high spectral resolution in order to reproduce the shapesof line blends and molecular bands. Results: Giant star spectra ofclass III can be fitted extremely well at solar metallicity down to~3400 K, where difficulties appear in the modelling of near-IR H2O andTiO absorption bands. Luminous giants of class II can be fitted welltoo, with modified surface abundances preferred in a minority of cases,possibly indicating mixing in excess of standard first dredge-up.Supergiant stars show a larger variety of near-IR spectra, and good fitsare currently obtained for about one third of the observations only.Modified surface abundances help reproducing strong CN bands, but do notsuffice to resolve the difficulties. The effect of the abundance changeson the estimated Teff depends on the wavelength range ofobservation and can amount several 100 K. Conclusions: Whiletheoretical spectra for giant stars are becoming very satisfactory, redsupergiants require further work. The model grid must be extended, inparticular to larger micro-turbulent velocities. Some observed spectramay call for models with even lower gravities than explored here (andtherefore probably stellar winds), and/or with more extreme abundancesthan predicted by standard non-rotating evolution models. Non-staticatmospheres models should also be envisaged.Selected theoretical spectra (see text) can be retrieved in FITS formatat CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5), or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/468/205
| Pulkovo compilation of radial velocities for 35495 stars in a common system.
Not Available
| Spectroscopic Binaries, Velocity Jitter, and Rotation in Field Metal-poor Red Giant and Red Horizontal-Branch Stars
We summarize 2007 radial velocity measurements of 91 metal-poor fieldred giants. Excluding binary systems with orbital solutions, ourcoverage averages 13.7 yr per star, with a maximum of 18.0 yr. We reportfour significant findings. (1) Sixteen stars are found to bespectroscopic binaries, and we present orbital solutions for 14 of them.The spectroscopic binary frequency of the metal-poor red giants, with[Fe/H]<=-1.4, for periods less than 6000 days, is 16%+/-4%, which isnot significantly different from that of comparable-metallicity fielddwarfs, 17%+/-2%. The two CH stars in our program, BD -1°2582 and HD135148, are both spectroscopic binaries. (2) Velocity jitter is presentamong about 40% of the giants with MV<=-1.4. The twobest-observed cases, HD 3008 and BD +22°2411, showpseudoperiodicities of 172 and 186 days, longer than any knownlong-period variable in metal-poor globular clusters. Photometricvariability seen in HD 3008 and three other stars showing velocityjitter hints that starspots are the cause. However, the phasing of thevelocity data with the photometry data from Hipparcos is not consistentwith a simple starspot model for HD 3008. We argue against orbitalmotion effects and radial pulsation, so rotational modulation remainsthe best explanation. The implied rotational velocities for HD 3008 andBD +22°2411, both with MV<=-1.4 and R~50Rsolar, exceed 12 km s-1. (3) Including HD 3008and BD +22°2411, we have found signs of significant excess linebroadening in eight of the 17 red giants with MV<=-1.4,which we interpret as rotation. In three cases, BD +30°2034, CD-37°14010, and HD 218732, the rotation is probably induced by tidallocking between axial rotation and the observed orbital motion with astellar companion. But this cannot explain the other five stars in oursample that display signs of significant rotation. This high frequencyof elevated rotational velocities does not appear to be caused bystellar mass transfer or mergers: there are too few main-sequencebinaries with short enough periods. We also note that the lack of anynoticeable increase in mean rotation at the magnitude level of the redgiant branch luminosity function ``bump'' argues against the rapidrotation's being caused by the transport of internal angular momentum tothe surface. Capture of a planetary-mass companion as a red giantexpands in radius could explain the high rotational velocities. (4) Wealso find significant rotation in at least six of the roughly 15 (40%)red horizontal-branch stars in our survey. It is likely that theenhanced rotation seen among a significant fraction of both blue and redhorizontal-branch stars arose when these stars were luminous red giants.Rapid rotation alone therefore appears insufficient cause to populatethe blue side of the horizontal branch. While the largest projectedrotational velocities seen among field blue and red horizontal-branchstars are consistent with their different sizes, neither are consistentwith the large values we find for the largest red giants. This suggeststhat some form of angular momentum loss (and possibly mass loss) hasbeen at work. Also puzzling is the apparent absence of rotation seen infield RR Lyrae variables. Angular momentum transfer and conservation inevolved metal-poor field stars thus pose many interesting questions forthe evolution of low-mass stars.
| The effective temperature scale of giant stars (F0-K5). I. The effective temperature determination by means of the IRFM
We have applied the InfraRed Flux Method (IRFM) to a sample ofapproximately 500 giant stars in order to derive their effectivetemperatures with an internal mean accuracy of about 1.5% and a maximumuncertainty in the zero point of the order of 0.9%. For the applicationof the IRFM, we have used a homogeneous grid of theoretical modelatmosphere flux distributions developed by \cite[Kurucz (1993)]{K93}.The atmospheric parameters of the stars roughly cover the ranges: 3500 K<= T_eff <= 8000 K; -3.0 <= [Fe/H] <= +0.5; 0.5 <= log(g) <= 3.5. The monochromatic infrared fluxes at the continuum arebased on recent photometry with errors that satisfy the accuracyrequirements of the work. We have derived the bolometric correction ofgiant stars by using a new calibration which takes the effect ofmetallicity into account. Direct spectroscopic determinations ofmetallicity have been adopted where available, although estimates basedon photometric calibrations have been considered for some stars lackingspectroscopic ones. The adopted infrared absolute flux calibration,based on direct optical measurements of stellar angular diameters, putsthe effective temperatures determined in this work in the same scale asthose obtained by direct methods. We have derived up to fourtemperatures, TJ, TH, TK and T_{L'},for each star using the monochromatic fluxes at different infraredwavelengths in the photometric bands J, H, K and L'. They show goodconsistency over 4000 K, and there is no appreciable trend withwavelength, metallicity and/or temperature. We provide a detaileddescription of the steps followed for the application of the IRFM, aswell as the sources of error and their effect on final temperatures. Wealso provide a comparison of the results with previous work.
| CH, CN, and NH Band Strengths of Metal-poor Cluster and Field Red Giants
The strengths of the CN, NH, and CH bands in the spectra of PopulationII red giants are discussed based on observations of a sample of bothglobular cluster and field giants. We confirm an anticorrelation betweenthe oxygen abundance and the CN indices and a correlation between the3883 Å CN band and the 3360 Å NH band strengths among giantsin the globular clusters M15 and M13. We find one M15 star (IV-38) witha strong 3883 Å CN band and detectable 4215 Å CN and 3360Å NH bands. Abundance analysis of M15 IV-38 reveals a comparablecarbon abundance to a comparison star that has much weaker CN bands. Onepossible reason for this may be that IV-38 is an insipid CH star thathas also undergone some deep mixing. Alternatively, the atmosphere ofIV-38 may have been extensively processed through the O-->N cycle ofhydrogen burning such that carbon has been affected by O-->Cconversion. By combining our data set with material from the literatureand high-quality B-V photometry, we find that the CN band strengthdifferences among the M5 red giants do not appear to broaden the giantbranch of that cluster within the photometric errors. Using the CN, CH,and NH bands, we are able to confirm that the metal-poor field giant HD135148 is a CH-strong star and has not undergone deep mixing.
| Estimation of Stellar Metal Abundance. II. A Recalibration of the Ca II K Technique, and the Autocorrelation Function Method
We have recalibrated a method for the estimation of stellar metalabundance, parameterized as [Fe/H], based on medium-resolution (1-2Å) optical spectra (the majority of which cover the wavelengthrange 3700-4500 Å). The equivalent width of the Ca II K line (3933Å) as a function of [Fe/H] and broadband B-V color, as predictedfrom spectrum synthesis and model atmosphere calculations, is comparedwith observations of 551 stars with high-resolution abundances availablefrom the literature (a sevenfold increase in the number of calibrationstars that were previously available). A second method, based on theFourier autocorrelation function technique first described by Ratnatunga& Freeman, is used to provide an independent estimate of [Fe/H], ascalibrated by comparison with 405 standard-star abundances.Metallicities based on a combination of the two techniques for dwarfsand giants in the color range 0.30<=(B-V)_0<=1.2 exhibit anexternal 1 sigma scatter of approximately 0.10-0.20 dex over theabundance range -4.0<=[Fe/H]<=0.5. Particular attention has beengiven to the determination of abundance estimates at the metal-rich endof the calibration, where our previous attempt suffered from aconsiderable zero-point offset. Radial velocities, accurate toapproximately 10 km s^-1, are reported for all 551 calibration stars.
| The 74th Special Name-list of Variable Stars
We present the Name-list introducing GCVS names for 3153 variable starsdiscovered by the Hipparcos mission.
| Ca II H and K Photometry on the UVBY System. III. The Metallicity Calibration for the Red Giants
New photometry on the uvby Ca system is presented for over 300 stars.When combined with previous data, the sample is used to calibrate themetallicity dependence of the hk index for cooler, evolved stars. Themetallicity scale is based upon the standardized merger of spectroscopicabundances from 38 studies since 1983, providing an overlap of 122evolved stars with the photometric catalog. The hk index producesreliable abundances for stars in the [Fe/H] range from -0.8 to -3.4,losing sensitivity among cooler stars due to saturation effects athigher [Fe/H], as expected.
| Broad-band JHK(L') photometry of a sample of giants with 0.5 > [Fe/H] > -3
We present the results of a three-year campaign of broad-band photometryin the near-infrared J, H, K and L' bands for a sample of approximately250 giant stars carried out at the Observatorio del Teide (Tenerife,Spain). Transformations of the Telescopio Carlos Sanchez systeminto/from several currently used infrared systems are extended to theredward part of the colour axis. The linearity of our photometric systemin the range -3 mag [Fe/H] >-3. Data of comparable quality previouslypublished have been added to the sample in order to increase thereliability of the relations to be obtained. We also provide mean IRcolours for giant stars according to spectral type.ables 1, 2 and 3 are only available in electronic form via the CDS(anonymous ftp 130.79.128.5 or http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Classification of Population II Stars in the Vilnius Photometric System. I. Methods
The methods used for classification of Population II stars in theVilnius photometric system are described. An extensive set of standardswith known astrophysical parameters compiled from the literature sourcesis given. These standard stars are classified in the Vilnius photometricsystem using the methods described. The accuracy of classification isevaluated by a comparison of the astrophysical parameters derived fromthe Vilnius photometric system with those estimated from spectroscopicstudies as well as from photometric data in other systems. For dwarfsand subdwarfs, we find a satisfactory agreement between our reddeningsand those estimated in the uvbyscriptstyle beta system. The standarddeviation of [Fe/H] deter mined in the Vilnius system is about 0.2 dex.The absolute magnitude for dwarfs and subdwarfs is estimated with anaccuracy of scriptstyle <=0.5 mag.
| Ca II H and K Filter Photometry on the UVBY System. II. The Catalog of Observations
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1995AJ....109.2828T&db_key=AST
| Spectroscopy of the CA II K line of metal-poor field red giants. I - Southern Hemisphere observations
Spectra of the Ca II K line have been obtained for a sample of fieldmetal-poor red giants. Strong chromospheric emission is found to bequite common among such giants of absolute magnitude brighter than M(v)about -0.3. The behavior of the violet/red asymmetry of the emissionline profile shows no significant difference with that observed amongPopulation I red giants, suggesting that the onset of material outflowis independent of metallicity. The Ca II emission is observed amonggiants more than one magnitude fainter than those which exhibit emissionin the wings of the H-alpha line. One possible interpretation of thisresult is that the transient phenomenon associated with the variableH-alpha emission does not become established until a Population II giantattains luminosities considerably greater than those at whichwell-developed chromospheres are achieved.
| 3883 CN band strengths for 238 metal-poor halo giants - Evidence for chemical differences between globular-cluster and halo field giants
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1992PASP..104..523L&db_key=AST
| Photoelectric Photometry of 241 Stars in the Vilnius System
Not Available
| The kinematics of halo red giants
The present 337 radial velocities were obtained with typical accuraciesof 0.7 cm km/sec for 85 metal-poor field red giants, selected from thekinematically unbiased samples of Bond (1980) and Bidelman and MacConnel(1973). The multiply-observed stars suggest the field halo binaryfraction exceeds 10 percent. Using these velocities and those publishedby others, a sample of 174 red giants with Fe/H of not more than -1.5 isobtained. Their mean motion with respect to the local standard of restis -206 + or - 23 km/sec, and the velocity dispersions are sigma (R) of154 + or - 18 km/sec, sigma(theta) of 102 + or - 27 km/sec, andsigma(phi) of 107 + or - 15 km/sec. Using photometrically derivedabsolute magnitudes and published proper motions, orbital eccentricitiesare computed for 72 stars not already considered in a similar study ofsouthern stars by Norris et al. (1985). A few stars with e of less than0.4 are found.
| Catalogue of Metal-Deficient F-Stars to M-Stars - Part One - Stars Classified Spectroscopically - Supplement One
Not Available
| Metal-Deficient Giants in the Galactic Field - Catalogue and Some Physical Parameters
Not Available
| /V - R/ observations and effective temperatures for extremely metal-deficient red giants
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1983PASP...95...27S&db_key=AST
| Extremely metal-deficient red giants. I - A new objective-prism, photometric, and radial-velocity survey
Results of an extensive objective-prism survey to detect extremelymetal-deficient red giants and a subsequent investigation of thephotometric and radial velocity properties of the newly discovered starsare presented. The 132 red giants with Fe/H abundance ratios less thanor equal to -1.5 discovered in the present objective-prism survey on a10-deg prism down to B magnitudes of 11.5, and by previousobjective-prism and other surveys, are listed, together with results ofradial velocity and photometric measurements. Examination of theStromgren m1 index calibrated against high-resolution spectroscopicdeterminations of the Fe-H abundance ratio indicates that population IIIfield giants with abundance ratios less than -3 are extremely rare. TheStromgren c1 index is used as an indicator of surface gravity andanomalous CH strengths, resulting in the identification of field redhorizontal-branch stars, field asymptotic-branch giants and subgiants.Radial velocities obtained for about half the stars reveal thatessentially all of them have halo motions, and that the incidence ofspectroscopic binaries is very low.
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | みずがめ座 |
| Right ascension: | 23h10m25.39s |
| Declination: | -13°18'35.3" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 8.44 |
| Distance: | 813.008 parsecs |
| Proper motion RA: | 3.5 |
| Proper motion Dec: | -10.1 |
| B-T magnitude: | 10.398 |
| V-T magnitude: | 8.602 |
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