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Rotational Velocities of B Stars
We measured the projected rotational velocities of 1092 northern B starslisted in the Bright Star Catalogue (BSC) and calibrated them againstthe 1975 Slettebak et al. system. We found that the published values ofB dwarfs in the BSC average 27% higher than those standards. Only 0.3%of the stars have rotational velocities in excess of two-thirds of thebreakup velocities, and the mean velocity is only 25% of breakup,implying that impending breakup is not a significant factor in reducingrotational velocities. For the B8-B9.5 III-V stars the bimodaldistribution in V can be explained by a set of slowly rotating Ap starsand a set of rapidly rotating normal stars. For the B0-B5 III-V starsthat include very few peculiar stars, the distributions in V are notbimodal. Are the low rotational velocities of B stars due to theoccurrence of frequent low-mass companions, planets, or disks? Therotational velocities of giants originating from late B dwarfs areconsistent with their conservation of angular momentum in shells.However, we are puzzled by why the giants that originate from the earlyB dwarfs, despite having 3 times greater radii, have nearly the samerotational velocities. We find that all B-type primaries in binarieswith periods less than 2.4 days have synchronized rotational and orbitalmotions; those with periods between 2.4 and 5.0 days are rotating withina factor 2 of synchronization or are ``nearly synchronized.'' Thecorresponding period ranges for A-type stars are 4.9 and 10.5 days, ortwice as large. We found that the rotational velocities of the primariesare synchronized earlier than their orbits are circularized. The maximumorbital period for circularized B binaries is 1.5 days and for Abinaries is 2.5 days. For stars of various ages from 107.5 to1010.2 yr the maximum circularized periods are a smoothexponential function of age.
| A Search for High-Velocity Be Stars
We present an analysis of the kinematics of Be stars based uponHipparcos proper motions and published radial velocities. We findapproximately 23 of the 344 stars in our sample have peculiar spacemotions greater than 40 km s-1 and up to 102 kms-1. We argue that these high-velocity stars are the resultof either a supernova that disrupted a binary or ejection by closeencounters of binaries in young clusters. Be stars spun up by binarymass transfer will appear as high-velocity objects if there wassignificant mass loss during the supernova explosion of the initiallymore massive star, but the generally moderate peculiar velocities of BeX-ray binaries indicate that the progenitors lose most of their massprior to the supernova (in accordance with model predictions). Binaryformation models for Be stars predict that most systems bypass thesupernova stage (and do not receive runaway velocities) to createultimately Be+white dwarf binaries. The fraction of Be stars spun up bybinary mass transfer remains unknown, since the post-mass transfercompanions are difficult to detect.
| Statistical analysis of intrinsic polarization, IR excess and projected rotational velocity distributions of classical Be stars
We present the results of statistical analyses of a sample of 627 Bestars. The parameters of intrinsic polarization (p*),projected rotational velocity (v sin i), and near IR excesses have beeninvestigated. The values of p* have been estimated for a muchlarger and more representative sample of Be stars (~490 objects) thanpreviously. We have confirmed that most Be stars of early spectral typehave statistically larger values of polarization and IR excesses incomparison with the late spectral type stars. It is found that thedistributions of p* diverge considerably for the differentspectral subgroups. In contrast to late spectral types (B5-B9.5), thedistribution of p* for B0-B2 stars does not peak at the valuep*=0%. Statistically significant differences in the meanprojected rotational velocities (/line{vsin i}) are found for differentspectral subgroups of Be stars in the sense that late spectral typestars (V luminosity class) generally rotate faster than early types, inagreement with previously published results. This behaviour is, however,not obvious for the III-IV luminosity class stars. Nevertheless, thecalculated values of the ratio vt/vc of the truerotational velocity, vt, to the critical velocity forbreak-up, vc, is larger for late spectral type stars of allluminosity classes. Thus, late spectral type stars appear to rotatecloser to their break-up rotational velocity. The distribution of nearIR excesses for early spectral subgroups is bi-modal, the position ofthe second peak displaying a maximum value E(V-L)~ 1 . m 3for O-B1.5 stars, decreasing to E(V-L)~0. m8 for intermediatespectral types (B3-B5). It is shown that bi-modality disappears for latespectral types (B6-B9.5). No correlations were found betweenp* and near IR excesses and between E(V-L) and vsin i for thedifferent subgroups of Be stars. In contrast to near IR excesses, arelation between p* and far IR excesses at 12 mu m is clearlyseen. A clear relation between p* and vsin i (as well asbetween p* and /line{vsin i}/vc) is found by thefact that plots of these parameters are bounded by a ``triangular"distribution of p*: vsin i, with a decrease of p*towards very small and very large vsin i (and /line{vsini}/vc) values. The latter behaviour can be understood in thecontext of a larger oblateness of circumstellar disks for the stars witha rapid rotation. From the analysis of correlations between differentobservational parameters we conclude that circumstellar envelopes forthe majority of Be stars are optically thin disks with the range of thehalf-opening angle of 10degr
| 250 GHz observations of Be stars
New 250 GHz flux density measurements with the 30 m telescope at PicoVeleta are presented for 23 Be stars. We suggest that the radio spectralindex is typically close to 1.4 for these stars. We present in adiscusssion of own and literature data some evidence that in few casesslow variations with a time scale of about a year occur. Both evidenceis compatible with the idea that there is no stellar activity type radioemission of Be stars but a maybe slightly modulated quiescent radiationof the outer parts of selfsimilar circumstellar disks. An immediateimprovement of existing models is not possible.
| Near-simultaneous Spectroscopic and Broadband Polarimetric Observations ofBE Stars
Near simultaneous optical spectroscopic (on four nights) and broadbandlinear continuum (B, V, R,and I bands) polarimetric (on seven nights)observations of 29 Be stars were carried out during1993November-December. The program Be stars displayed wavelengthdependence of intrinsic polarizations with no frequency dependence ofpolarimetric position angles. Some of the Be stars displayed long-termpolarization variability. The Be and Be-shell stars could not bedistinguished from one another solely on the basis of their polarizationvalues. Full widths at half-maximum of the Hα profiles and theintrinsic linear continuum polarizations are closely correlated with theprojected rotational velocities of the program stars.Photospheric-absorption-corrected equivalent widths of Hα profiles[W(alpha)] and the radii of Hα-emitting or -absorbing envelopes(R_e or R_a) are nonlinearly correlated with the intrinsic continuumpolarizations of these stars. However, W(alpha) and R_e are linearlycorrelated. With large uncertainties, there is a trend of spectraldependence of polarization. Detailed discussion of these results ispresented in this paper.
| An extensive Delta a-photometric survey of southern B and A type bright stars
Photoelectric photometry of 803 southern BS objects in the Deltaa-system as detection tool for magnetic chemically peculiar (=CP2) starshas been carried out and compared to published spectral types. Thestatistical yield of such objects detected by both techniques ispractically the same. We show that there are several factors whichcontaminate the search for these stars, but this contamination is onlyof the order of 10% in both techniques. We find a smooth transition fromnormal to peculiar stars. Our sample exhibits the largest fraction ofCP2 stars at their bluest colour interval, i.e. 10% of all stars in thecolour range -0.19 <= B-V < -0.10 or -0.10 <= b-y < -0.05.No peculiar stars based on the Delta a-criterion were found at bluercolours. Towards the red side the fraction of CP2 stars drops to about3% for positive values of B-V or b-y with red limits roughlycorresponding to normal stars of spectral type A5. The photometricbehaviour of other peculiar stars: Am, HgMn, delta Del, lambda Boo, Heabnormal stars, as well as Be/shell stars and supergiants shows someslight, but definite deviations from normal stars. Spectroscopic andvisual binaries are not distinguished from normal stars in their Delta abehaviour. The results of this work justify larger statistical work(e.g. in open clusters) employing more time-saving photometric methods(CCD). \newpage Based on observations obtained at the European SouthernObservatory, La Silla, Chile. This research has made use of the Simbaddatabase, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. Table 2 is only availablein electronic form via anonymous ftp 130.79.128.5 orhttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| ICCD Speckle Observations of Binary Stars.XVIII.An Investigation of Be =
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1997AJ....114.2112M&db_key=AST
| The Distribution of Dust Clouds in the Interstellar Medium
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1996ApJ...457..764D&db_key=AST
| The ROSAT all-sky survey catalogue of optically bright OB-type stars.
For the detailed statistical analysis of the X-ray emission of hot starswe selected all stars of spectral type O and B listed in the Yale BrightStar Catalogue and searched for them in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey. Inthis paper we describe the selection and preparation of the data andpresent a compilation of the derived X-ray data for a complete sample ofbright OB stars.
| On the structure of Be star disks.
We investigate the geometrical structure of the emitting part ofcircumstellar envelopes around Be stars from an empirical point of view.We use new high-resolution, high-S/N spectroscopic data of the FeIIλ5317 and some other faint FeII emission lines in 27 Be starsshowing symmetrical emission lines (class 1). We find a clearcorrelation between its total width (measuring the maximum velocities ofcircumstellar matter) and the stellar rotational velocity. Thiscorrelation means that a typical Be envelope (or, more precisely, thatpart of it which is visible in optical emission lines) is anaxisymmetric, rotationally supported disk. For empirical investigationof the vertical structure, we use the occurrence of shell lines. Wedefine, as shell criterion based on FeII lines, a Be shell star as onewith FeII central intensity F_cd_/F_*_(FeII)<1. Using this forcalibrating an appropriate parameter for the much more frequentlyobserved Hα line, we find that shell stars are those withF_p_/F_cd_(Hα)>=1.5 where F_p_ is the mean peak intensity atHα. In a sample of 114 programme stars, we find a shell starfraction of 22.8%. This number is readily transformed into a halfopening angle of Be star disks, φ=13deg. We furthermore show thatBe disks must be thin at the inner edge, and may become fairly thick atthe outer rim. This, together with the small value of φ, isevidence for a conical or concave shape, the latter typical of ahydrostatically balanced disk. Finally we provide evidence that thefamous "shell-Be" phase transitions can naturally occur in such disks asa geometrical effect if they are seen under inclination i=~70deg and iftheir outer radius is variable with time.
| Tests of the Pulsation and Starspot Models for the Periodic Be-Stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1995MNRAS.277.1547B&db_key=AST
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| On the rotation properties of Be stars and their envelopes.
We present the results of low resolution spectroscopy (4A) obtained atCTIO for a sample of 42 Be, 4 B and 3 O stars covering theλ3700-7000A spectral range. Equivalent widths of the Balmer lineswere measured up to H_10_. We also give the V/R state of the Hαemission line. In addition, the peak separation and the width at thebase of the Hβ and Hγ emission lines are tabulated for atotal of 243 medium resolution (1A) spectra of 51 southern Be starstaken at the Manuel Foster Observatory, Chile. We analyzed our Hαequivalent widths (Wα) together with published data for a total of122 Be and 2 Oe stars. An upper limit of Wα increasing with theprojected rotational velocity vsini is shown by the data. The Wαvalues depend strongly on spectral type, being lower for later-type Bestars. This could indicate that the maximum strength of emission dependsmainly on the spectral type and rotation velocity. The relation betweenWα(max) and vsini, together with the observed excess in number oflow vsini Be stars and the reported anti-correlation between photometricperiod and vsini give evidence for a considerable range of the truerotation velocities of Be stars: definitely there are intrinsically slowrotators among them. However, our results could also be interpreted interms of anisotropic Hα emission coming from the disk. Theanalysis of the net equivalent widths and peak separations of Hαdouble emission line profiles strongly favor a disk type emittingenvelope with a r^-j^ rotation law with j=1.4+/-0.2 which do not dependon the spectral subtype. This result is interpreted as evidence ofradial motions in the envelopes of Be stars. The mean radial extensionsof the regions which emit Balmer lines were determined to range between30% (H_10_) and 60% (Hβ) of the Hα emitting envelope in thecase j=1. The mean electron density within the envelope has been foundto vary only by a factor of 4. We compare our results with earlierinvestigations.
| A search for rapid photometric variations in southern Be and BN stars
Fifteen Be, 5 Bn, and 1 B stars were monitored during 10 nights inMarch-April 1988 by means of photoelectric ubvy photometry. At least 80percent of the Be stars were found variable. Tentative periods between0.3 and 4.3 days were derived for 13 stars of this entire sample. In allcases, the stars are bluest when brightest. Variations in B0-B5e starsare, in average, of larger amplitude than in B5-B9e stars. Bn starsshow, in general, variations of smaller amplitude than Be stars. Theseresults are discussed in terms of the current models on short-termphotometric variability. In addition, from the observed perioddistribution the existence of intrinsically slow Be rotators arededuced. The rotation of slightly displaced poles of a weak globaldipolar magnetic field is proposed as being responsible for the rapidperiodic light variations.
| Broad-band photometry of selected southern ultraviolet-bright stars.
Not Available
| Walraven photometry of nearby southern OB associations
Homogeneous Walraven (VBLUW) photometry is presented for 5260 stars inthe regions of five nearby southern OB associations: Scorpio Centaurus(Sco OB2), Orion OB1, Canis Major OB1, Monoceros OB1, and Scutum OB2.Derived V and (B - V) in the Johnson system are included.
| Effects of stellar rotation on the Geneva photometric system
The effects of stellar rotation on colors and parameters of the Genevaphotometric system are considered, using homogeneous material. Attentionis focused on these parameters useful for deriving physical propertiesof B- and A-type stars. Two major photometric planes in this respect,the (X, Y) plane and the (d, Delta) plane, are not discernibly affectedby rotation. The temperature parameter, B(2) - V(1) is reddened byrotation to an extent that is in agreement with model calculations foruniformly rotating stars.
| Rapid variations of H-alpha emission strength of eight Be stars
Rapid observations of H-alpha profiles of eight Be stars have beenobtained, and it is found that rapid (in a time-scale of 4 to 6 minutes)and irregular variations of total emission strength of the H-alpha lineare present in these stars. It has been suggested that these variationsmay be due to the material circulation in the envelope of Be stars.
| Spectroscopy of southern Be stars 1984-1987
The 93-cm Manuel Foster Observatory telescope in Chile has been used toobtain 919 spectrograms of 85 southern Be III-V stars. Balmeremission-lines (mainly H-beta) were noted in 74 percent of the stars,and Fe-II emission in 48 percent of them. Variations noted include rapidV/R variations of HR 1956, a primary shell phase of HR 2142, a shellphase of HR 2356, a transitory emission state of HR 2745, and thedisappearance of the H-beta emission of HR 5193.
| Highly ionized stellar winds in Be stars - The evidence for aspect dependence
The paper presents the results of an ultraviolet survey of stellar windsin 62 Be and 43 normal B stars covering spectral types B0.5-B5 andluminosity classes V-III. Excess wind absorption in Be stars over thatdetected in normal B stars is found in C IV and Si IV, confirmingresults of previous surveys. The stars showing excess wind absorptionalso show one or more shortward-shifted discrete absorption components,suggesting that much of the excess wind absorption is in the form ofdiscrete absorption components. Evidence is presented that thehigh-velocity and highly ionized stellar wind observed in some Be starsis a function of latitude.
| Spectrophotometry of eight bright Be stars
New continuum energy distribution data of eight Be stars are presentedin the wavelength region of 3200-8000 A. Spectrophotometric measurementsfor five of the eight Be stars, are presented for the first time. Theeffective temperatures of these stars have been estimated by comparingthe observed continuum energy distribution curves with theoretical modelatmospheres. Near-ultraviolet and near-infrared excess is found to bepresent in five Be stars.
| Gas deficiency in cluster galaxies - A comparison of nine clusters
The available 21 cm line data in the literature for galaxies in nineclusters is combined with new high-sensitivity observations of 51galaxies in five of the nine clusters in order to test fordiscriminating circumstances between those clusters which show H Ideficiency among their spiral population and those which do not. An H Ideficiency for the complete cluster sample is derived employing acomparison sample of galaxies chosen from the Catalog of IsolatedGalaxies. The deficiency and its radial dependence is summarized foreach cluster and a composite. A comparison of the environments indifferent clusters leads to the conclusion that the occurrence of H Ideficiency is correlated with the presence of a hot X-ray intraclustermedium, and that an ongoing interaction process is active through thecores of X-ray clusters.
| The local system of early type stars - Spatial extent and kinematics
Published uvby and H-beta photometric data and proper motions arecompiled and analyzed to characterize the structure and kinematics ofthe bright early-type O-A0 stars in the solar vicinity, with a focus onthe Gould belt. The selection and calibration techniques are explained,and the data are presented in extensive tables and graphs and discussedin detail. The Gould belt stars of age less than 20 Myr are shown togive belt inclination 19 deg to the Galactic plane and node-lineorientation in the direction of Galactic rotation, while the symmetricaldistribution about the Galactic plane and kinematic properties (purecircular differential rotation) of the belt stars over 60 Myr oldresemble those of fainter nonbelt stars of all ages. The unresolveddiscrepancy between the expansion observed in the youngest nearby starsand the predictions of simple models of expansion from a point isattributed to the inhomogeneous distribution of interstellar matter.
| Be stars in binaries
The known companions to 80 Be stars and 355 B stars listed in the BrightStar Catalogue in the range B1-B7 III-V and north of delta = -30 deg areconsidered. The known near-absence of Be binaries with periods less than1/10 yr is confirmed. For longer periods up to the limit of 10,000 AU ofthis survey, the Be and B stars do not differ in binary frequencies.This result implies that during pre-main-sequence contraction, the tidalbraking in binaries wider than 0.5 AU was inadequate to prevent theformation of stars with nearly the break-up rotational velocities. Thefraction of Be and B stars that have companions is higher in clustersand associations (38 percent) than among field stars (25 percent),confirming that escapees from clusters tend to be single stars. There issome evidence that the companions of Be stars that occur in the sameluminosity range tend also to be Be stars; that result was expectedbecause in visual binaries there is a known tendency for rapidlyrotating primaries to have rapidly rotating secondaries.
| JHK photometry of Be stars
JHK photometry of 23 Be stars selected from the list of Harmanec et al.(1983) are reported. For 14 Be stars the observations reported in thepresent work are new.
| A survey of ultraviolet objects
An all-sky survey of ultraviolet objects is presented together with astatistical analysis that leads to the conclusion that there is asignificantly higher population of hot subdwarfs lying below themain-sequence than hitherto thought. The distribution of all ultravioletobjects, main sequence ultraviolet objects, and MK unclassifiedultraviolet objects are shown in galactic coordinates, and the absolutemagnitudes and color-color diagrams for these groups are presented.Scale heights are derived, giving values similar to planetary nebulaefor the hottest groups.
| Far ultraviolet colors of B and Be stars
A far-UV color index, G, which is free of interstellar reddening effectsis applied to TD-1 satellite observations of B and Be stars listed inthe catalogs of Jamar et al. (1976) and Macau-Hercot et al. (1978). Theexpressions defining G(in terms of the wavelengths 146, 235, and 274 nm)and the S70 index of spectral type are set forth. Tables of mean andindividual-star G and S70 indices and plots of G versus S70, Delta-Gversus spectral type, Delta-G versus H-alpha and H-beta intensity, and Gversus V(sin i) are presented and discussed. The Be stars are classifiedas strong if they show strong Balmer emission, some Paschen and Fe IIemission, and IR excess; otherwise they are 'weak'. Weak Be stars arefound to have G similar to that of B stars, while G in strong Be starsis either much more negative or much less negative than in the B stars.No correlation is found between G and V(sin i) for either B or Be stars.
| Spectral types and rotational velocities of the brighter Be stars and A-F type shell stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1982ApJS...50...55S&db_key=AST
| Infrared photometry of southern Be stars
Infrared broadband photometry in the JHKLM bands is presented for 46bright southern early-type emission-line stars, and is compared toBalmer emission line strengths measured for the same stars at closelyneighboring epochs. For Be stars earlier than about B6e, infraredexcesses measured by the J-M color index are strongly correlated to theequivalent widths of H-alpha emission lines, which confirms theinterpretation of infrared excesses in early-type Be stars ashydrogen-free-free emission from circumstellar envelopes. Timevariations are derived and discussed, and it is concluded that infraredand light variations of early-type Be stars are due to variations ofdensity and the extent of the circumstellar envelope around the stars.
| Narrow-band photometry of bright Be stars
Narrow-band photometry centered at the H-alpha and H-beta Balmer linesis used to separate emission from nonemission stars in a sample ofearly-type stars, and to examine possible variations in the hydrogenemission-line strengths of some bright Be stars. In the sample of 36bright early-type stars having previously shown Balmer emission lines,five are found to satisfy a relation between the alpha and beta indicesin the Porto Alegre and Crawford and Mander systems, respectively,characteristic of normal B stars, indicating a lack of emission, atleast at the time of the present observations. The nonemission status ofthese stars is also confirmed by the variation of their Balmer decrementwith alpha index. Comparison of the present alpha indices of 26 programstars with those recorded eight years previously by Feinstein (1974)reveal variations greater than 0.05 in the alpha indices, very likelydue to changes in emission line strength.
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