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Kinematics, ages and metallicities for F- and G-type stars in the solar neighbourhood
A new metallicity distribution and an age-metallicity relation arepresented for 437 nearby F and G turn-off and sub-giant stars selectedfrom radial velocity data of Nidever et al. Photometric metallicitiesare derived from uvby- Hβ photometry, and the stellar ages from theisochrones of Bergbusch & VandenBerg as transformed to uvbyphotometry using the methods of Clem et al.The X (stellar population) criterion of Schuster et al., which combinesboth kinematic and metallicity information, provides 22 thick-discstars. σW= 32 +/- 5 km s-1,= 154 +/- 6 km s-1 and<[M/H]>=-0.55 +/- 0.03 dex for these thick-disc stars, which is inagreement with values from previous studies of the thick disc.α-element abundances which are available for some of thesethick-disc stars show the typical α-element signatures of thethick disc, supporting the classification procedure based on the Xcriterion.Both the scatter in metallicity at a given age and the presence of old,metal-rich stars in the age-metallicity relation make it difficult todecide whether or not an age-metallicity relation exists for the olderthin-disc stars. For ages greater than 3 Gyr, our results agree with theother recent studies that there is almost no correlation between age andmetallicity, Δ([M/Fe])/Δ(age) =-0.01 +/- 0.005 dexGyr-1. For the 22 thick-disc stars there is a range in agesof 7-8 Gyr, but again almost no correlation between age and metallicity.For the subset of main-sequence stars with extra-solar planets, theage-metallicity relation is very similar to that of the total sample,very flat, the main difference being that these stars are mostlymetal-rich, [M/H]>~-0.2 dex. However, two of these stars have[M/H]~-0.6 dex and have been classified as thick-disc stars. As for thetotal sample, the range in ages for these stars with extra-solarplanetary systems is considerable with a nearly uniform distributionover 3 <~ age <~ 13 Gyr.
| Spectroscopic Properties of Cool Stars (SPOCS). I. 1040 F, G, and K Dwarfs from Keck, Lick, and AAT Planet Search Programs
We present a uniform catalog of stellar properties for 1040 nearby F, G,and K stars that have been observed by the Keck, Lick, and AAT planetsearch programs. Fitting observed echelle spectra with synthetic spectrayielded effective temperature, surface gravity, metallicity, projectedrotational velocity, and abundances of the elements Na, Si, Ti, Fe, andNi, for every star in the catalog. Combining V-band photometry andHipparcos parallaxes with a bolometric correction based on thespectroscopic results yielded stellar luminosity, radius, and mass.Interpolating Yonsei-Yale isochrones to the luminosity, effectivetemperature, metallicity, and α-element enhancement of each staryielded a theoretical mass, radius, gravity, and age range for moststars in the catalog. Automated tools provide uniform results and makeanalysis of such a large sample practical. Our analysis method differsfrom traditional abundance analyses in that we fit the observed spectrumdirectly, rather than trying to match equivalent widths, and wedetermine effective temperature and surface gravity from the spectrumitself, rather than adopting values based on measured photometry orparallax. As part of our analysis, we determined a new relationshipbetween macroturbulence and effective temperature on the main sequence.Detailed error analysis revealed small systematic offsets with respectto the Sun and spurious abundance trends as a function of effectivetemperature that would be inobvious in smaller samples. We attempted toremove these errors by applying empirical corrections, achieving aprecision per spectrum of 44 K in effective temperature, 0.03 dex inmetallicity, 0.06 dex in the logarithm of gravity, and 0.5 kms-1 in projected rotational velocity. Comparisons withprevious studies show only small discrepancies. Our spectroscopicallydetermined masses have a median fractional precision of 15%, but theyare systematically 10% higher than masses obtained by interpolatingisochrones. Our spectroscopic radii have a median fractional precisionof 3%. Our ages from isochrones have a precision that variesdramatically with location in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. We planto extend the catalog by applying our automated analysis technique toother large stellar samples.
| The Planet-Metallicity Correlation
We have recently carried out spectral synthesis modeling to determineTeff, logg, vsini, and [Fe/H] for 1040 FGK-type stars on theKeck, Lick, and Anglo-Australian Telescope planet search programs. Thisis the first time that a single, uniform spectroscopic analysis has beenmade for every star on a large Doppler planet search survey. We identifya subset of 850 stars that have Doppler observations sufficient todetect uniformly all planets with radial velocity semiamplitudes K>30m s-1 and orbital periods shorter than 4 yr. From this subsetof stars, we determine that fewer than 3% of stars with-0.5<[Fe/H]<0.0 have Doppler-detected planets. Above solarmetallicity, there is a smooth and rapid rise in the fraction of starswith planets. At [Fe/H]>+0.3 dex, 25% of observed stars have detectedgas giant planets. A power-law fit to these data relates the formationprobability for gas giant planets to the square of the number of metalatoms. High stellar metallicity also appears to be correlated with thepresence of multiple-planet systems and with the total detected planetmass. This data set was examined to better understand the origin of highmetallicity in stars with planets. None of the expected fossilsignatures of accretion are observed in stars with planets relative tothe general sample: (1) metallicity does not appear to increase as themass of the convective envelopes decreases, (2) subgiants with planetsdo not show dilution of metallicity, (3) no abundance variations for Na,Si, Ti, or Ni are found as a function of condensation temperature, and(4) no correlations between metallicity and orbital period oreccentricity could be identified. We conclude that stars with extrasolarplanets do not have an accretion signature that distinguishes them fromother stars; more likely, they are simply born in higher metallicitymolecular clouds.Based on observations obtained at Lick and Keck Observatories, operatedby the University of California, and the Anglo-Australian Observatories.
| Chromospheric Ca II Emission in Nearby F, G, K, and M Stars
We present chromospheric Ca II H and K activity measurements, rotationperiods, and ages for ~1200 F, G, K, and M type main-sequence stars from~18,000 archival spectra taken at Keck and Lick Observatories as a partof the California and Carnegie Planet Search Project. We have calibratedour chromospheric S-values against the Mount Wilson chromosphericactivity data. From these measurements we have calculated medianactivity levels and derived R'HK, stellar ages,and rotation periods from general parameterizations for 1228 stars,~1000 of which have no previously published S-values. We also presentprecise time series of activity measurements for these stars.Based on observations obtained at Lick Observatory, which is operated bythe University of California, and on observations obtained at the W. M.Keck Observatory, which is operated jointly by the University ofCalifornia and the California Institute of Technology. The KeckObservatory was made possible by the generous financial support of theW. M. Keck Foundation.
| The Indo-US Library of Coudé Feed Stellar Spectra
We have obtained spectra for 1273 stars using the 0.9 m coudéfeed telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. This telescope feedsthe coudé spectrograph of the 2.1 m telescope. The spectra havebeen obtained with the no. 5 camera of the coudé spectrograph anda Loral 3K×1K CCD. Two gratings have been used to provide spectralcoverage from 3460 to 9464 Å, at a resolution of ~1 Å FWHMand at an original dispersion of 0.44 Å pixel-1. For885 stars we have complete spectra over the entire 3460 to 9464 Åwavelength region (neglecting small gaps of less than 50 Å), andpartial spectral coverage for the remaining stars. The 1273 stars havebeen selected to provide broad coverage of the atmospheric parametersTeff, logg, and [Fe/H], as well as spectral type. The goal ofthe project is to provide a comprehensive library of stellar spectra foruse in the automated classification of stellar and galaxy spectra and ingalaxy population synthesis. In this paper we discuss thecharacteristics of the spectral library, viz., details of theobservations, data reduction procedures, and selection of stars. We alsopresent a few illustrations of the quality and information available inthe spectra. The first version of the complete spectral library is nowpublicly available from the National Optical Astronomy Observatory(NOAO) via ftp and http.
| The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood. Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of 14 000 F and G dwarfs
We present and discuss new determinations of metallicity, rotation, age,kinematics, and Galactic orbits for a complete, magnitude-limited, andkinematically unbiased sample of 16 682 nearby F and G dwarf stars. Our63 000 new, accurate radial-velocity observations for nearly 13 500stars allow identification of most of the binary stars in the sampleand, together with published uvbyβ photometry, Hipparcosparallaxes, Tycho-2 proper motions, and a few earlier radial velocities,complete the kinematic information for 14 139 stars. These high-qualityvelocity data are supplemented by effective temperatures andmetallicities newly derived from recent and/or revised calibrations. Theremaining stars either lack Hipparcos data or have fast rotation. Amajor effort has been devoted to the determination of new isochrone agesfor all stars for which this is possible. Particular attention has beengiven to a realistic treatment of statistical biases and errorestimates, as standard techniques tend to underestimate these effectsand introduce spurious features in the age distributions. Our ages agreewell with those by Edvardsson et al. (\cite{edv93}), despite severalastrophysical and computational improvements since then. We demonstrate,however, how strong observational and theoretical biases cause thedistribution of the observed ages to be very different from that of thetrue age distribution of the sample. Among the many basic relations ofthe Galactic disk that can be reinvestigated from the data presentedhere, we revisit the metallicity distribution of the G dwarfs and theage-metallicity, age-velocity, and metallicity-velocity relations of theSolar neighbourhood. Our first results confirm the lack of metal-poor Gdwarfs relative to closed-box model predictions (the ``G dwarfproblem''), the existence of radial metallicity gradients in the disk,the small change in mean metallicity of the thin disk since itsformation and the substantial scatter in metallicity at all ages, andthe continuing kinematic heating of the thin disk with an efficiencyconsistent with that expected for a combination of spiral arms and giantmolecular clouds. Distinct features in the distribution of the Vcomponent of the space motion are extended in age and metallicity,corresponding to the effects of stochastic spiral waves rather thanclassical moving groups, and may complicate the identification ofthick-disk stars from kinematic criteria. More advanced analyses of thisrich material will require careful simulations of the selection criteriafor the sample and the distribution of observational errors.Based on observations made with the Danish 1.5-m telescope at ESO, LaSilla, Chile, and with the Swiss 1-m telescope at Observatoire deHaute-Provence, France.Complete Tables 1 and 2 are only available in electronic form at the CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/418/989
| Statistical cataloging of archival data for luminosity class IV-V stars. II. The epoch 2001 [Fe/H] catalog
This paper describes the derivation of an updated statistical catalog ofmetallicities. The stars for which those metallicities apply are ofspectral types F, G, and K, and are on or near the main sequence. Theinput data for the catalog are values of [Fe/H] published before 2002February and derived from lines of weak and moderate strength. Theanalyses used to derive the data have been based on one-dimensional LTEmodel atmospheres. Initial adjustments which are applied to the datainclude corrections to a uniform temperature scale which is given in acompanion paper (see Taylor \cite{t02}). After correction, the data aresubjected to a statistical analysis. For each of 941 stars considered,the results of that analysis include a mean value of [Fe/H], an rmserror, an associated number of degrees of freedom, and one or moreidentification numbers for source papers. The catalog of these resultssupersedes an earlier version given by Taylor (\cite{t94b}).Catalog is only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymousftp cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/398/731
| Statistical cataloging of archival data for luminosity class IV-V stars. I. The epoch 2001 temperature catalog
This paper is one of a pair in which temperatures and metallicitycatalogs for class IV-V stars are considered. The temperature catalogdescribed here is derived from a calibration based on stellar angulardiameters. If published calibrations of this kind are compared by usingcolor-index transformations, temperature-dependent differences among thecalibrations are commonly found. However, such differences are minimizedif attention is restricted to calibrations based on Johnson V-K. Acalibration of this sort from Di Benedetto (\cite{dib98}) is thereforetested and adopted. That calibration is then applied to spectroscopicand photometric data, with the latter predominating. Cousins R-Iphotometry receives special attention because of its high precision andlow metallicity sensitivity. Testing of temperatures derived from thecalibration suggests that their accuracy and precision are satisfactory,though further testing will be warranted as new results appear. Thesetemperatures appear in the catalog as values of theta equiv5040/T(effective). Most of these entries are accompanied by measured orderived values of Cousins R-I. Entries are given for 951 stars.Catalog is only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymousftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/398/721
| Radial Velocities for 889 Late-Type Stars
We report radial velocities for 844 FGKM-type main-sequence and subgiantstars and 45 K giants, most of which had either low-precision velocitymeasurements or none at all. These velocities differ from the standardstars of Udry et al. by 0.035 km s-1 (rms) for the 26 FGKstandard stars in common. The zero point of our velocities differs fromthat of Udry et al.: =+0.053km s-1. Thus, these new velocities agree with the best knownstandard stars both in precision and zero point, to well within 0.1 kms-1. Nonetheless, both these velocities and the standardssuffer from three sources of systematic error, namely, convectiveblueshift, gravitational redshift, and spectral type mismatch of thereference spectrum. These systematic errors are here forced to be zerofor G2 V stars by using the Sun as reference, with Vesta and day sky asproxies. But for spectral types departing from solar, the systematicerrors reach 0.3 km s-1 in the F and K stars and 0.4 kms-1 in M dwarfs. Multiple spectra were obtained for all 889stars during 4 years, and 782 of them exhibit velocity scatter less than0.1 km s-1. These stars may serve as radial velocitystandards if they remain constant in velocity. We found 11 newspectroscopic binaries and report orbital parameters for them. Based onobservations obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operatedjointly by the University of California and the California Institute ofTechnology, and on observations obtained at the Lick Observatory, whichis operated by the University of California.
| Evidence for a Very Young Age of F Stars with Extrasolar Planets
We assess the age of nine planet-bearing (PB) F stars by comparing theirmetallicity, Hp variability, brightness anomaly, and location in thecolor-magnitude diagram with the same parameters for the Hyades andfield F stars. Combined evidence from these parameters suggests that theage of our PB F stars is not very much different from the age of theHyades, ~700 Myr, and is much younger than the ages of cooler,solar-type PB stars found in a number of recent studies. Based on thedata from the Hipparcos astrometry satellite (European Space Agency).
| Parent Stars of Extrasolar Planets. VI. Abundance Analyses of 20 New Systems
The results of new spectroscopic analyses of 20 recently reportedextrasolar planet parent stars are presented. The companion of one ofthese stars, HD 10697, has recently been shown to have a mass in thebrown dwarf regime; we find [Fe/H]=+0.16 for it. For the remainingsample, we derive [Fe/H] estimates ranging from -0.41 to +0.37, with anaverage value of +0.18+/-0.19. If we add the 13 stars included in theprevious papers of this series and six other stars with companions belowthe 11 MJ limit from the recent studies of Santos et al., wederive <[Fe/H]>=+0.17+/-0.20. Among the youngest stars withplanets with F or G0 spectral types, [Fe/H] is systematically largerthan young field stars of the same Galactocentric distance by 0.15 to0.20 dex. This confirms the recent finding of Laughlin that the mostmassive stars with planets are systematically more metal-rich than fieldstars of the same mass. We interpret these trends as supporting ascenario in which these stars accreted high-Z material after theirconvective envelopes shrunk to near their present masses. Correctingthese young star metallicities by 0.15 dex still does not fully accountfor the difference in mean metallicity between the field stars and thefull parent stars sample. The stars with planets appear to have smaller[Na/Fe], [Mg/Fe], and [Al/Fe] values than field dwarfs of the same[Fe/H]. They do not appear to have significantly different values of[O/Fe], [Si/Fe], [Ca/Fe], or [Ti/Fe], though. The claim made in Paper Vthat stars with planets have low [C/Fe] is found to be spurious, due tounrecognized systematic differences among published studies. Whencorrected for these differences, they instead display slightly enhanced[C/Fe] (but not significantly so). If these abundance anomalies are dueto the accretion of high-Z matter, it must have a composition differentfrom that of the Earth.
| Abundances in metal-rich stars. Detailed abundance analysis of 47 G and K dwarf stars with [Me/H] > 0.10 dex
We have derived elemental abundances of O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr,Mn, Fe, Co, Ni as well as for a number of s-elements for 47 G and Kdwarf, with [Me/H]>0.1 dex. The selection of stars was based on theirkinematics as well as on their uvby-beta photometry. One sample of starson rather eccentric orbits traces the chemical evolution interior to thesolar orbit and another, on circular orbits, the evolution around thesolar orbit. A few Extreme Population I stars were included in thelatter sample. The stars have -0.1 dex < [Fe/H] < 0.42 dex. Thespectroscopic [Fe/H] correlate well with the [Me/H] derived fromuvby-beta photometry. We find that the elemental abundances of Mg, Al,Si, Ca, Ti, Cr and Ni all follow [Fe/H]. Our data put furtherconstraints on models of galactic chemical evolution, in particular ofCr, Mn and Co which have not previously been studied for dwarf starswith [Me/H] >0.1 dex. The increase in [Na/Fe] and [Al/Fe] as afunction of [Fe/H] found previously by \cite[Edvardsson et al.(1993a)]{Edv93} has been confirmed for [Na/Fe]. This upturning relation,and the scatter around it, are shown not to be due to a mixture ofpopulations with different mean distances to the galactic centre. We donot confirm the same trend for aluminium, which is somewhat surprisingsince both these elements are thought to be produced in the sameenvironments in the pre-supernova stars. Nor have we been able to traceany tendency for relative abundances of O, Si, and Ti relative to Fe tovary with the stellar velocities, i.e. the stars present mean distanceto the galactic centre. These results imply that there is no significantdifference in the chemical evolution of the different stellarpopulations for stars with [Me/H]>0.1 dex. We find that [O/Fe]continue to decline with increasing [Fe/H] and that oxygen and europiumcorrelate well. However [Si/Fe] and [Ca/Fe] seem to stay constant. Areal (``cosmic'') scatter in [Ti/Fe] at given [Fe/H] is suggested aswell as a decreasing abundance of the s-elements relative to iron forthe most metal-rich dwarf stars. We discuss our results in the contextof recent models of galactic chemical evolution. In our sample we haveincluded a few very metal rich stars, sometimes called SMR (super metalrich) stars. We find these stars to be among the most iron-rich in oursample but far from as metal-rich as indicated by their photometricmetallicities. SMR stars on highly eccentric orbits, alleged to tracethe evolution of the chemical evolution in the galactic Bulge, havepreviously been found overabundant in O, Mg and Si. We have includedthree such stars from the study by \cite[Barbuy & Grenon(1990)]{Bar90}. We find them to be less metal rich and the otherelemental abundances remain puzzling. Detailed spectroscopic abundanceanalyses of K dwarf stars are rare. Our study includes 5 K dwarf starsand has revealed what appears to be a striking example ofoverionization. The overionization is especially prominent for Ca, Crand Fe. The origin of this apparent overionization is not clear and wediscuss different explanations in some detail. Based on observations atthe McDonald Observatory.
| The Program to Link the HIPPARCOS Reference Frame to an Extragalactic Reference System Using the Fine Guidance Sensors of the Hubble Space Telescope
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1997AJ....114.2796H&db_key=AST
| Meridian observations made in Brorfelde (Copenhagen University Observatory) 1975-76.
This catalogue presents positions for selected faint stars mainly fromAGK3 observed with the 7" transit circle at Brorfelde. The stars aredistributed in 43 selected areas around radio sources and are suitableas reference stars for measuring the optical counterparts to the radiosources. The obscr 'itioi cre carried out from 1975.16 to 1976.04, andevery star was observed at least two times giving a m.s.e. of "13 forthe catalogue positions given in the FK4 system. These positions usedtogether with AGK3 proper motions will in the period 1975 to 1980 have am.s.e. at the epoch ranging from `:13 to `:15, which is less than halfof what is expected when using AGK3 positions. Key words: transit circle- catalogue of positions
| MK classifications for F and G-type stars. I.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1969AJ.....74..916H&db_key=AST
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